http://Aginglab.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=S&feedformat=atom Aginglab.net - User contributions [en] 2024-03-28T08:44:39Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.31.3 http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4720 Main Page 2022-06-19T09:54:03Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#ff0000&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;'''노화랩(주)'''&lt;/font&gt;<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''노화랩은 극노화 벤쳐 회사입니다.'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[Biowiki_project|Biowiki project]] <br /> *2042년까지 생명학적 노화를 정지시키는 것이 목표입니다. <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''Folders'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Analyze|Analyze]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Access|Access]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Advertise|Advertise]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Browse|Browse]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Read|Read]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> |}</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=4719 MediaWiki:Sidebar 2020-03-09T02:37:08Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>* SEARCH<br /> <br /> *navigation <br /> **mainpage|mainpage <br /> **Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed <br /> **Special:Randompage|Random Page</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=4718 MediaWiki:Sidebar 2020-03-09T02:00:45Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>* SEARCH<br /> <br /> *navigation <br /> **mainpage|mainpage <br /> **Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed<br /> **Special:Randompage|Random Pages</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=4717 MediaWiki:Sidebar 2020-03-09T01:59:53Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>* SEARCH<br /> * navigation<br /> ** mainpage|mainpage<br /> ** Special:Recentchanges|Recent changed<br /> * new heading<br /> ** portal-url|portal<br /> ** https://www.mediawiki.org|MediaWiki home</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4716 Main Page 2020-03-09T01:31:02Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 153, 102);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 204, 0);&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'''is an ''openfree''&amp;nbsp;hypertest bioencyclopedia.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;What&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[Biowiki_project|Biowiki project]] <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''Folders'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Analyze|Analyze]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Access|Access]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Advertise|Advertise]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Browse|Browse]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Read|Read]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> |}</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Biowiki_project&diff=4715 Biowiki project 2020-03-09T00:37:18Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;Biowiki is hypertext system that is for making web pages.&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Biowiki is hypertext system that is for making web pages.</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4714 Main Page 2020-03-09T00:37:01Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 153, 102);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 204, 0);&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'''is an ''openfree''&amp;nbsp;hypertest bioencyclopedia.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;What&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[Biowiki project]] <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''Folders'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Analyze|Analyze]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Access|Access]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Advertise|Advertise]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Browse|Browse]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Read|Read]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> |}</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Publish&diff=4713 Publish 2020-03-06T04:16:08Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;adsf asd&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>adsf asd</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4712 Main Page 2020-03-02T08:39:38Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;img width=718 height=179 src=http://Diagnome.org/upload/20200302173932main3.jpg&gt;<br /> <br /> {| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 153, 102);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 204, 0);&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'''is an ''openfree'' bioinfomation encyclopedia. &amp;nbsp;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> *'''We aim to make all the contents be 100% free to use without any restriction.''' <br /> <br /> *'''Add words and modify them freely after creating a user account.''' <br /> *'''We are making a biology specific openfree encyclopedia for the world.&amp;nbsp;''' <br /> *'''The contents here are all public domain.''' <br /> <br /> | width=&quot;3%&quot; | &amp;nbsp;<br /> | width=&quot;15%&quot; | <br /> *'''&lt;font color=&quot;#002bb8&quot;&gt;[[Sitemap|Sitemap]]&lt;/font&gt;''' <br /> *'''[http://biopedia.org/index.php/Wiki-Help &lt;font color=&quot;#002bb8&quot;&gt;Wiki-Help&lt;/font&gt;]''' <br /> *'''[http://biopedia.org/index.php/Support_us &lt;font color=&quot;#002bb8&quot;&gt;Support us&lt;/font&gt;]''' <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;What is &lt;/span&gt;[[Genomics|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[Getting_your_own_Genome|Getting your own Genome]] <br /> *[[Personal_Genome_Project|Personal Genome Project]] <br /> *[[Possible_genomic_diseases_of_you|Possible genomic diseases of you]] <br /> *[[Storing_your_genome_in_you_PC|Storing your genome in you PC]] <br /> *[[Fully_sequenced_genomes|Fully sequenced genomes]] <br /> *[[Full_Genome_Sequencing|Full Genome Sequencing]] <br /> *[[Genomic_Equality|Genomic Equality]] <br /> <br /> | <br /> *[[Free_Genomics_Project|Free Genomics Project]] <br /> *[[Free_genomes|Free genomes]] <br /> *[[Viewing_your_genetics_family|Viewing your genetics family]] <br /> *[[Specific_Omics|Specific Omics]] <br /> *[[A_brief_guide_to_genomics_from_NHGRI|A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI]] <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Interesting_things_in_your_Genome|Interesting things in your Genome]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Public_Genomics_Project|Public Genomics Project]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Compare_your_genome_with_other_people's|Compare your genome with other people's]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Visualizing_your_genome|Visualizing your genome]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Genome_Projects|Genome Projects]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Genome_History|Genome History]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *[[The_principle_of_universal_genome|The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp; <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22px;&quot;&gt;'''[[Genomics|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Action_Oriented_Folder|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Action Oriented Folder&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Analyze|Analyze]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Access|Access]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Advertise|Advertise]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Browse|Browse]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Read|Read]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Publish|Publish]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Learn|Learn]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Research|Research]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Classify|Classify]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Write|Write]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Store|Store]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Use|Use]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Test|Test]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;[[Watch|Watch]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;[[Genome_Projects|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;[[Genomics_Training|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Training&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;[[Genome_Analysis_Tools|&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;Genome Analysis Tools&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> |}</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4711 Main Page 2020-03-02T06:53:57Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=795 height=198 src=http://Diagnome.org/upload/20200302155347main3.jpg&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'''''Openfree'''''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;'''''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 153, 102);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 204, 0);&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt; <br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;'''&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;'''?'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[Getting your own Genome]] <br /> *[[Personal Genome Project]] <br /> *[[Possible genomic diseases of you]] <br /> *[[Storing your genome in you PC]] <br /> *[[Fully sequenced genomes]] <br /> *[[Full Genome Sequencing]] <br /> *[[Genomic Equality]] <br /> <br /> | <br /> *[[Free Genomics Project]] <br /> *[[Free genomes]] <br /> *[[Viewing your genetics family]] <br /> *[[Specific Omics]] <br /> *[[A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI]] <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Interesting things in your Genome]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Public Genomics Project]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> | <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Compare your genome with other people's]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Visualizing your genome]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Genome Projects]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;[[Genome History]]&lt;/span&gt; <br /> *[[The_principle_of_universal_genome|The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp; <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;'''[[&amp;#124;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] Also'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> *[[&amp;#124;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;]] <br /> *[[&amp;#124;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;]] <br /> *[[&amp;#124;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''('''&lt;/span&gt;'''[[&amp;#124;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;]]'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;''')'''&lt;/span&gt; <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;'''External Links'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics Animal genomics]&amp;nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics Plant genomics]&amp;nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics Microbial genomics]'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Primate_Genomics|Primate Genomics]] <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics C. elegans Genomics]''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome Cow genome]''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC) Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)]([http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome Insect genome])''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China Rice Genome at BGI China]''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics Sol Genomics]: Tomato''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome Tiger Genome]:&amp;nbsp;[http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea].''' <br /> *'''[http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome Yeast Genome]: SGD''' <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4710 Main Page 2016-01-27T12:38:13Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Openfree&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#99cc00&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people&amp;#39;s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Also&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;(&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;External Links&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Tomato&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;: SGD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4709 Main Page 2016-01-27T12:37:38Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Openfree&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#99cc00&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wiki&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people&amp;#39;s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Also&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;(&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;External Links&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Tomato&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;: SGD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4708 Main Page 2016-01-27T12:36:12Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Openfree&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#99cc00&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wiki&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,0,153)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people&amp;#39;s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,0,204)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced human genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced female human genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human mitochondrial genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Y Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human Y chromosome genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[HelloGene]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics News Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;(&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Species Specific Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Tomato&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;: SGD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Appliedbiosystems.com&diff=4707 Appliedbiosystems.com 2016-01-26T16:22:21Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Title&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Applied Biosystems&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Description&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Applied Biosystems has demonstrated its position as a technology leader and driving force in the changing dynamics of the life science marketplace. The Applied Biosystems business is focused on the following markets: basic research, commercial research (pharmaceutical and biotechnology) and standardized testing, including forensic human identification, paternity testing and food testing. The company has an installed base of approximately 180,000 instrument systems in nearly 100 countries.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Basic research includes work at university, government and other non-profit institutions that focus on uncovering the basic laws of nature and understanding human disease.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Additional Information&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Rank: 172,059&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Address: 850 Lincoln Centre Dr Foster City, CA 94404 US&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Keywords&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Related Websites&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;[http://www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp www.appliedbiosystems.co.jp]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.ambion.com www.ambion.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.applera.com www.applera.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www..appliedbiosystems.com www..appliedbiosystems.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.sqllims.com www.sqllims.com]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;External services&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;Visitors&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;Alexa&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;Domain information&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;Iwebtool&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;About&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.aboutus.org/appliedbiosystems.com &lt;strong&gt;AboutUS&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Biosyn.com&diff=4706 Biosyn.com 2016-01-26T15:26:32Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Title&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Custom Organic Synthesis &amp;amp; Antibody Structure, Pancreatic Polypeptide Synthesis Company&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Description&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Bio-Synthesis Inc. is a leading life science products company which deals in Antibody Structure, Custom Organic Synthesis, Pancreatic Polypeptides, Peptide Synthesis Company and DNA Chimera.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Additional Information&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;Rank: 1,648,384&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Address: 612 East Main St Lewisville, TX 75057 US&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Keywords&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;[[DNA Chimera]], [[ Genetic Code Table]], [[ Anti DNA Antibody]], [[ Antibody Polyclonal Production]], [[ Antibody Structure]], [[ Custom Organic Synthesis]], [[ DNA of Relationship]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]], [[ Modern Organic Synthesis]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Chemistry]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Company]], [[ Peptide Synthesis Technique]], [[ Molecular Analysis Tools]], [[ Mass Spec Analysis]], [[ Pancreatic Polypeptides]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;Related Websites&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;[http://www.biosyn.com www.biosyn.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.macromedia.com www.macromedia.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.google-analytics.com www.google-analytics.com]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://www.segnant.com www.segnant.com]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;h2&gt;External services&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;Visitors&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;Alexa&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://whois.domaintools.com/biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;Domain information&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.iwebtool.com/tool/tools/rank/rank.php?domain=www.biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;Iwebtool&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;About&lt;/strong&gt;] | [http://www.aboutus.org/biosyn.com &lt;strong&gt;AboutUS&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Sequencing_centers&diff=4705 Sequencing centers 2016-01-26T15:25:58Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.einstein.yu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.einstein.yu.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ambrygen.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.ambrygen.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.asu.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.asu.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.baylorhealth.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.baylorhealth.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.beckmangenomics.com+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.beckmangenomics.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.biodiversity.uoguelph.ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://openwetware.org+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;openwetware.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://genome.med.harvard.edu+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;genome.med.harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;safe=active&amp;amp;q=site%3Ahttp://www.ars.usda.gov+filetype%3Apdf+|+filetype%3Appt+|+filetype%3Adoc&quot; 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target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;cgp.yale.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4704 Main Page 2016-01-26T15:24:44Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height:140px; text-align:center; width:700px&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Openfree&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#99cc00&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wiki&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:1026px&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:rgb(255,0,153)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people&amp;#39;s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:1026px&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:rgb(51,0,204)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced human genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced female human genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human mitochondrial genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Y Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human Y chromosome genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[HelloGene]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:1026px&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color:rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics News Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;(&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:1026px&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color:rgb(51,102,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Species Specific Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Tomato&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;: SGD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4702 Main Page 2013-09-22T16:06:00Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;140&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Openfree&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99cc00&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wiki&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#3366ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier New&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,0,153)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ff0099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people's&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,0,204)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#330099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced human genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced female human genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human mitochondrial genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Y Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human Y chromosome genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[HelloGene]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics News Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;(&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Species Specific Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Tomato&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: SGD&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;◇&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,0,204); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;The first genomes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first genomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Projects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PGP&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project&quot;&gt;$0 Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; Launched on-line. Please sign&lt;i&gt;!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project&quot;&gt;Genome 10k Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics List&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anthropogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Autogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Demogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ecogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Econogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Equigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ethnogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Eugenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gastrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Getontogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gerogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Hepatogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mammogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Metagenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mitogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mycogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nanogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Neurogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NitroGenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutrigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutragenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omnigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Oncogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Osteogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pangenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phylogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phytogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pulmogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Psychogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Supergenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[syntheticgenomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Toxicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Branches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Comparative Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Free Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Open Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Essays and Opinions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings&quot;&gt;The Ultimate information of human beings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics&quot;&gt;Who have to insist on the first in genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy&quot;&gt;Genomic Philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1020px; height: 172px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,0,0)&quot;&gt;G&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,153,0)&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,204,0)&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,204,153)&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;mics&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,255,255)&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204,255,255)&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;lication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,255,255)&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;apers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&quot;&gt;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[BMC Genomics]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&amp;nbsp;Paper authors]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioPipelines&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioPipelines&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Biomatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Biomatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome compression&quot;&gt;Genome compression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Amalga&quot;&gt;Amalga&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from Microsoft&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Sequencing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sequencing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;GRID technology&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;GRID technology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;SNP chip&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;SNP chip&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome sequence mapping&quot;&gt;Genome sequence mapping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Omics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioEngine&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioEngine&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioComputing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioComputing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;JMP Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;JMP Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by SAS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Companies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;23andme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;DNAgenotek.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:Saliva DNA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Knome.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Navigenics.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Integrated Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Chicago based&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Affymetrix&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Celera&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.&quot;&gt;Human Genome Sciences, Inc.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Companies&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Selah Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: by Venter&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Agilent Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agowa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decodeme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decode&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Illumina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NanoGen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;U.S. Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Meetings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2010 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2007 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2004 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2009 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2006 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2003 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2008 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2005 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2002 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Institutes and Centers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute&quot;&gt;Sanger Institute&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;UK&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI&quot;&gt;BGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;China&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Korea&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI&quot;&gt;JGI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland&quot;&gt;IGS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI&quot;&gt;IGB at UCI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI&quot;&gt;JCVI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;USA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[DOE Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Organizations and Alliances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioitalliance.org/&quot;&gt;Microsoft BioIT Alliance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org&quot;&gt;GenomeFoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources&quot;&gt;Stanford Genomics Resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People&quot;&gt;Genomics People&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (put your name in this section)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/You!&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter&quot;&gt;Craig Venter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger&quot;&gt;Fred Sanger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church&quot;&gt;George Church&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming&quot;&gt;Yang Huanming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics by Country&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;British Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Canadian Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Chinese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Korean Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;TBI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Netherlands Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics&quot;&gt;US Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Japanese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;GenomeNet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Autralian Genomics]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Karyotyping&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Mass spectrometry&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Western blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Chromosomal watlking&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Yeast Two Hybrid&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Northern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;RFLP&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunoprecipitation&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Southern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Elisa&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;SDS-page&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunofluorescence&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Real-time PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;Genomics L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;abs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Glossary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Software Programs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Genome alignement programs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs&quot;&gt;Genome visualization programs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Image&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Portals&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Portals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Opinion on Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Opinions on Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Human Genome Project&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;About Human Genome Project&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Issues and Problems&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Issues and Problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Read Journals and Publications&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Journals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BMC Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Biology&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Elsevier Genomics&quot;&gt;Elsevier Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Medical Genomics&quot;&gt;BMC Medical Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Open Genomics Journal&quot;&gt;Open Genomics Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Physiological Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Physiological Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by The American Physiological Society&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Research&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by CSHL&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome from NRC press&quot;&gt;Genome from NRC press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics from Elsevier&quot;&gt;Genomics from Elsevier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Books and Guide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153,204,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak (in Korean)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1098px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics in TV and Media&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube&lt;/b&gt;: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article&lt;/b&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Theragen BiO Institute]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Wish&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genome Wish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;:&lt;b&gt;what I can do with my genome.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics version 2.0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics version 2.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Full Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#808080&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;♬&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Art&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomic Art&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;۩&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Prizes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,153,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;Genomics Prizes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome references&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genome references&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Post genomics era&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Post genomics era&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204,255,204)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;sect;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;External links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/genomics&quot;&gt;CDC genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioinfoblog.it/&quot;&gt;Bioinfoblog.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://proteome.net&quot;&gt;Proteome.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiome.org&quot;&gt;Microbiome.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biodata.com&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Laboratory Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiomics.org/&quot;&gt;Microbiomics.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;►&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;Advertisement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&quot;&gt;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Genomics.org&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;About Genomics.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Unleashing your genome&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Unleashing your genome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Who maintains Genomics.org?&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Who maintains Genomics.org?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4701 Main Page 2013-09-22T16:03:28Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;140&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Openfree&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #339966&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99cc00&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wiki&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#3366ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier New&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,0,153)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ff0099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people's&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,0,204)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#330099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced human genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced female human genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human mitochondrial genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Y Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human Y chromosome genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[HelloGene]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics News Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;(&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Species Specific Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Tomato&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: SGD&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;◇&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,0,204); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;The first genomes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,0,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first genomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Projects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PGP&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project&quot;&gt;$0 Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; Launched on-line. Please sign&lt;i&gt;!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project&quot;&gt;Genome 10k Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics List&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anthropogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Autogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Demogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ecogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Econogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Equigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ethnogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Eugenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gastrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Getontogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gerogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Hepatogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mammogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Metagenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mitogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mycogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nanogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Neurogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NitroGenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutrigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutragenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omnigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Oncogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Osteogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pangenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phylogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phytogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pulmogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Psychogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Supergenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[syntheticgenomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Toxicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Branches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Comparative Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Free Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Open Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Essays and Opinions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings&quot;&gt;The Ultimate information of human beings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics&quot;&gt;Who have to insist on the first in genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy&quot;&gt;Genomic Philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1020px; height: 172px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,0,0)&quot;&gt;G&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,153,0)&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,204,0)&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,204,153)&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;mics&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,255,255)&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204,255,255)&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;lication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,0,0)&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0,255,255)&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;apers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&quot;&gt;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[BMC Genomics]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&amp;nbsp;Paper authors]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioPipelines&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioPipelines&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Biomatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Biomatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome compression&quot;&gt;Genome compression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Amalga&quot;&gt;Amalga&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from Microsoft&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Sequencing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sequencing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;GRID technology&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;GRID technology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;SNP chip&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;SNP chip&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome sequence mapping&quot;&gt;Genome sequence mapping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Omics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioEngine&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioEngine&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioComputing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioComputing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;JMP Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;JMP Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by SAS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Companies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;23andme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;DNAgenotek.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:Saliva DNA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Knome.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Navigenics.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Integrated Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Chicago based&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Affymetrix&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Celera&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.&quot;&gt;Human Genome Sciences, Inc.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Companies&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Selah Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: by Venter&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Agilent Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agowa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decodeme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decode&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Illumina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NanoGen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;U.S. Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Meetings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2010 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2007 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2004 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2009 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2006 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2003 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2008 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2005 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2002 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Institutes and Centers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute&quot;&gt;Sanger Institute&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;UK&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI&quot;&gt;BGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;China&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Korea&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI&quot;&gt;JGI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland&quot;&gt;IGS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI&quot;&gt;IGB at UCI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI&quot;&gt;JCVI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;USA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[DOE Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Organizations and Alliances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioitalliance.org/&quot;&gt;Microsoft BioIT Alliance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org&quot;&gt;GenomeFoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources&quot;&gt;Stanford Genomics Resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People&quot;&gt;Genomics People&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (put your name in this section)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/You!&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter&quot;&gt;Craig Venter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger&quot;&gt;Fred Sanger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church&quot;&gt;George Church&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming&quot;&gt;Yang Huanming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics by Country&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;British Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Canadian Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Chinese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Korean Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;TBI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Netherlands Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics&quot;&gt;US Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Japanese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;GenomeNet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Autralian Genomics]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Karyotyping&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Mass spectrometry&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Western blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Chromosomal watlking&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Yeast Two Hybrid&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Northern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;RFLP&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunoprecipitation&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Southern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Elisa&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;SDS-page&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunofluorescence&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Real-time PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;Genomics L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;abs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Glossary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Software Programs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Genome alignement programs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs&quot;&gt;Genome visualization programs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;ADN static.png&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Image&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Portals&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Portals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Opinion on Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Opinions on Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Human Genome Project&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;About Human Genome Project&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Issues and Problems&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Issues and Problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Read Journals and Publications&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Journals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BMC Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Biology&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Elsevier Genomics&quot;&gt;Elsevier Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Medical Genomics&quot;&gt;BMC Medical Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Open Genomics Journal&quot;&gt;Open Genomics Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Physiological Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Physiological Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by The American Physiological Society&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Research&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by CSHL&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome from NRC press&quot;&gt;Genome from NRC press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics from Elsevier&quot;&gt;Genomics from Elsevier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics Books and Guide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153,204,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak (in Korean)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1098px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics in TV and Media&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube&lt;/b&gt;: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article&lt;/b&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;[[Theragen BiO Institute]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Wish&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genome Wish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;:&lt;b&gt;what I can do with my genome.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics version 2.0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genomics version 2.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Full Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#808080&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;♬&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Art&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomic Art&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;۩&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Prizes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,153,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;Genomics Prizes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome references&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Genome references&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Post genomics era&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;Post genomics era&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204,255,204)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;sect;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;External links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/genomics&quot;&gt;CDC genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioinfoblog.it/&quot;&gt;Bioinfoblog.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://proteome.net&quot;&gt;Proteome.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiome.org&quot;&gt;Microbiome.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biodata.com&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Laboratory Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiomics.org/&quot;&gt;Microbiomics.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;width: 1026px&quot; class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51,102,0)&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,0)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;►&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;Advertisement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&quot;&gt;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Genomics.org&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;About Genomics.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Unleashing your genome&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Unleashing your genome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Who maintains Genomics.org?&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium&quot;&gt;Who maintains Genomics.org?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Tiger_Genome&diff=4700 Tiger Genome 2013-09-20T07:53:49Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;openfree TigerGenome Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Tiger_Genome&diff=4699 Tiger Genome 2013-09-20T07:53:40Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;openfree TigerGenome Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Tiger_Genome&diff=4698 Tiger Genome 2013-09-20T07:52:54Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;openfree TigerGenome Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011 and published in 2013 (September 17th).&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4697 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:12:07Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp;amp; [[Jong Bhak]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;[[AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Tigers and their close relatives (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Panthera&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;) are some of the world&amp;rsquo;s most endangered species. &amp;nbsp;Here we report the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;de novo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;assembly of an Amur tiger whole-genome sequence as well as the genomic sequences of a white Bengal tiger, African lion, white African lion and snow leopard. &amp;nbsp;Through comparative genetic analyses of these genomes, we find genetic signatures that may reflect molecular adaptations consistent with the big cats&amp;rsquo; hypercarnivorous diet and muscle strength. &amp;nbsp;We report a snow leopard-specific genetic determinant in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;EGLN1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Met39&amp;gt;Lys39), which is likely to be associated with adaptation to high altitude. &amp;nbsp;We also detect a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;TYR&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;260G&amp;gt;A mutation likely responsible for the white lion coat colour. &amp;nbsp;Tiger and cat genomes show similar repeat composition and an appreciably conserved synteny. &amp;nbsp;Genomic data from the five big cats provide an invaluable resource for resolving easily identifiable phenotypes evident in very close, but distinct, species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding_authors&diff=4696 AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors 2013-09-20T05:10:40Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;[[Jong Bhak]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Li Hu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jing He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ying Chen,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaju He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sha Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a6&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a7&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a8&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a9&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a10&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a11&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a12&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a13&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a14&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a15&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ukutula Lodge &amp;amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a16&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a17&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a18&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a19&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&amp;rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a21&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a22&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a23&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a24&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a25&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a26&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a27&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-contributions&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding_authors&diff=4695 AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors 2013-09-20T05:10:12Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;[[<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Li Hu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jing He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ying Chen,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaju He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sha Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a6&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a7&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a8&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a9&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a10&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a11&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a12&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a13&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a14&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a15&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ukutula Lodge &amp;amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a16&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a17&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a18&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a19&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&amp;rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a21&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a22&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a23&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a24&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a25&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a26&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a27&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-contributions&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding_authors&diff=4694 AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors 2013-09-20T05:09:33Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Li Hu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jing He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ying Chen,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaju He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sha Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a6&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a7&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a8&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a9&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a10&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a11&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a12&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a13&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a14&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a15&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ukutula Lodge &amp;amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a16&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a17&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a18&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a19&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&amp;rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a21&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a22&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a23&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a24&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a25&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a26&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a27&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-contributions&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding_authors&diff=4693 AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors 2013-09-20T05:08:33Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Li Hu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jing He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ying Chen,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaju He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sha Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a6&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a7&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a8&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a9&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a10&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a11&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a12&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a13&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a14&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a15&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ukutula Lodge &amp;amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a16&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a17&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a18&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a19&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&amp;rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a21&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a22&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a23&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a24&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a25&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a26&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a27&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-contributions&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W. Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W. Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information. Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript. A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations. Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding_authors&diff=4692 AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors 2013-09-20T05:07:57Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシッ...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;affil-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;affiliations&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Li Hu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jing He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ying Chen,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jiaju He,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sha Liu,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a6&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko,&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a7&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a8&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a9&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a10&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a11&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a12&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a13&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper &amp;amp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a14&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a15&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Ukutula Lodge &amp;amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a16&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a17&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a18&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a19&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&amp;rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a21&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a22&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a23&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a24&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a25&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a26&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;a27&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;&quot;&gt;Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;affiliation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;author-contributions&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W. Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W. Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information. Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript. A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations. Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4691 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:07:51Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp;amp; [[Jong Bhak]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;[[AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4690 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:07:19Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien, Jun Wang &amp;amp; [[Jong Bhak]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4689 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:06:51Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> <br /> The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes<br /> <br /> Yun Sung Cho, Li Hu, Haolong Hou, Hang Lee, Jiaohui Xu, Soowhan Kwon, Sukhun Oh, Hak-Min Kim, Sungwoong Jho, Sangsoo Kim, Young-Ah Shin, Byung Chul Kim, Hyunmin Kim, Chang-uk Kim, Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Jason A. Turner, Laurie Marker, Cindy Harper, Susan M. Miller, Wilhelm Jacobs, Laura D. Bertola, Tae Hyung Kim, Sunghoon Lee, Qian Zhou, Hyun-Ju Jung, Xiao Xu, Priyvrat Gadhvi, Pengwei Xu, Yingqi Xiong, Yadan Luo, Shengkai Pan, Caiyun Gou, Xiuhui Chu, Jilin Zhang, Sanyang Liu, Jing He, Ying Chen, Linfeng Yang, Yulan Yang, Jiaju He, Sha Liu, Junyi Wang, Chul Hong Kim, Hwanjong Kwak, Jong-Soo Kim, Seungwoo Hwang, Junsu Ko, Chang-Bae Kim, Sangtae Kim, Damdin Bayarlkhagva, Woon Kee Paek, Seong-Jin Kim, Stephen J. O’Brien, Jun Wang &amp; [[Jong Bhak]]<br /> AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors<br /> Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2433 doi:10.1038/ncomms3433<br /> Received 02 May 2013 Accepted 13 August 2013 Published 17 September 2013</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4688 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:06:35Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h1 class=&quot;article-heading&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.173; font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif;&quot;&gt;The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes&lt;/h1&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;authors citation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-1&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-2&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Li Hu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-3&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-4&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-5&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-6&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-7&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-8&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-9&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-10&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-11&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-12&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-13&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-14&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-15&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-16&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-17&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-18&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-19&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-20&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot; style=&quot;display: inline;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-21&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-22&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-23&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-24&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-25&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-26&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-27&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-28&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-29&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-30&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-31&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-32&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-33&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-34&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-35&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-36&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-37&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-38&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-39&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jing He&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-40&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Ying Chen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-41&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-42&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-43&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jiaju He&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-44&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sha Liu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-45&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-46&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-47&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-48&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-49&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-50&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-51&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-52&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-53&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-54&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-55&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard c1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-56&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard c1 no-comma&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-57&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard last-author c1 no-comma&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;[[Jong Bhak]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;ul id=&quot;author-links&quot; class=&quot;cleared&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;first&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#affil-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#corres-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Corresponding authors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;dl class=&quot;citation&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;dd class=&quot;journal-title&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;volume&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-weight: bold; display: inline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dt class=&quot;seq&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Article number:&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;page&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;2433&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;doi&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;doi:10.1038/ncomms3433&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;received first&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;Received&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-05-02&quot;&gt;02 May 2013&amp;nbsp;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;accepted&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Accepted&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-08-13&quot;&gt;13 August 2013&amp;nbsp;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;published-online&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Published&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-09-17&quot;&gt;17 September 2013&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br type=&quot;_moz&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br type=&quot;_moz&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;/dl&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=The_tiger,_lion,_and_leopard_genomes_publicized&diff=4687 The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized 2013-09-20T05:05:47Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h1 class=&quot;article-heading&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1....&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h1 class=&quot;article-heading&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 28.799999237060547px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.173; font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif;&quot;&gt;The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes&lt;/h1&gt;<br /> &lt;ul class=&quot;authors citation-authors&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-1&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yun Sung Cho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-2&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Li Hu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-3&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Haolong Hou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-4&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hang Lee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-5&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jiaohui Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-6&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Soowhan Kwon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-7&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sukhun Oh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-8&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hak-Min Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-9&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sungwoong Jho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-10&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sangsoo Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-11&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Young-Ah Shin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-12&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Byung Chul Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-13&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hyunmin Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-14&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chang-uk Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-15&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Shu-Jin Luo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-16&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Warren E. Johnson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-17&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Klaus-Peter Koepfli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-18&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Anne Schmidt-K&amp;uuml;ntzel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-19&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jason A. Turner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-20&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Laurie Marker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot; style=&quot;display: inline;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-21&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Cindy Harper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-22&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Susan M. Miller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-23&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Wilhelm Jacobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-24&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Laura D. Bertola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-25&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Tae Hyung Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-26&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sunghoon Lee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-27&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Qian Zhou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-28&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hyun-Ju Jung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-29&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Xiao Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-30&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Priyvrat Gadhvi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-31&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Pengwei Xu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-32&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yingqi Xiong&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-33&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yadan Luo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-34&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Shengkai Pan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-35&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Caiyun Gou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-36&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Xiuhui Chu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-37&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jilin Zhang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-38&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sanyang Liu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-39&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jing He&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-40&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Ying Chen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-41&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Linfeng Yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-42&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Yulan Yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-43&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jiaju He&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-44&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sha Liu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-45&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Junyi Wang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-46&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chul Hong Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-47&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Hwanjong Kwak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-48&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jong-Soo Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-49&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Seungwoo Hwang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-50&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Junsu Ko&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-51&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Chang-Bae Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-52&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Sangtae Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-53&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Damdin Bayarlkhagva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-54&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Woon Kee Paek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-55&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Seong-Jin Kim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard c1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-56&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Stephen J. O&amp;rsquo;Brien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comma&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard c1 no-comma&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-57&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jun Wang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;vcard last-author c1 no-comma&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#auth-58&quot; class=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Jong Bha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;k]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;ul id=&quot;author-links&quot; class=&quot;cleared&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li class=&quot;first&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#affil-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Affiliations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#contrib-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; list-style: none; float: left; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0px 0.6ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html#corres-auth&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Corresponding authors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;dl class=&quot;citation&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;dd class=&quot;journal-title&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;volume&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; font-weight: bold; display: inline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dt class=&quot;seq&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Article number:&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;page&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;2433&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd class=&quot;doi&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;doi:10.1038/ncomms3433&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;received first&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;Received&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-05-02&quot;&gt;02 May 2013&amp;nbsp;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;accepted&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Accepted&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-08-13&quot;&gt;13 August 2013&amp;nbsp;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt class=&quot;published-online&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 8px; display: inline; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/view/images/bg_pipe.gif); background-position: 0px 0.4ex; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Published&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2013-09-17&quot;&gt;17 September 2013&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br type=&quot;_moz&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dl class=&quot;citation dates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br type=&quot;_moz&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;/dl&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4686 Main Page 2013-09-20T05:04:26Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;140&quot; src=&quot;/userfiles/main.jpg&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Openfree&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Openfree&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier New&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#3366ff&quot;&gt;G&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#3366ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier New&quot;&gt;nomic&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;font face=&quot;Courier New&quot;&gt;org&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#3366ff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Genomics Organization&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics_Organization&quot;&gt;Genomics Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#008080&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#666699&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/What%20is%20genomics?&quot;&gt;What is genomics?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#008080&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#666699&quot;&gt;[[Genomics.org]] is a research and development organization located in La Jolla, CA.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/1/11/Globe_5.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News and Ads Archive&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics News and Ads Archive&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The tiger, lion, and leopard genomes publicized]]: 20130917&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Korean Reference Genome Project]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Verinata gets prenatal test approval 2013 Aug]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Billion Genome Project]]: PGI, Genome Research Foundation &amp;nbsp;launches Billlion Genome Project (2012 Sep. 4th). &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Open Access Pharmacogenomics Project]]: OpenPGX launched by Indian scientists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Faroe island nation genome project]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Origins of the E. coli Strain Causing an Outbreak of Hemolytic&amp;ndash;Uremic Syndrome in Germany]]. NEJM. 2011 July 27th.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Tasmanian devil genome sequenced&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tasmanian devil genome sequenced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: PNAS June 27th 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: 20110324 Nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: 20110214&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Desmond Tutu talks about his genome&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Desmond Tutu talks about his genome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: 20110222&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) genome sequenced 20110131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;PNAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: 20101009 &amp;rArr;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome size&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genome size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;rArr;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Bird genome&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bird genome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;20100818&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: 20100810&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: PGP9. 20100330.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/b/b8/Dna_sm_tran_openfree.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ff0099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Getting your own Genome&quot;&gt;Getting your own Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genome Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Possible genomic diseases of you&quot;&gt;Possible genomic diseases of you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Storing your genome in you PC&quot;&gt;Storing your genome in you PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Fully sequenced genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genome Sequencing&quot;&gt;Full Genome Sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Equality&quot;&gt;Genomic Equality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Free Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Free genomes&quot;&gt;Free genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Viewing your genetics family&quot;&gt;Viewing your genetics family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Specific Omics&quot;&gt;Specific Omics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&quot;&gt;A brief guide to genomics from NHGRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Interesting things in your Genome&quot;&gt;Interesting things in your Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Public Genomics Project&quot;&gt;Public Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Compare your genome with other people's&quot;&gt;Compare your genome with other people's&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Visualizing your genome&quot;&gt;Visualizing your genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Projects&quot;&gt;Genome Projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome History&quot;&gt;Genome History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[The principle of universal genome]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/4/49/Running_man_1.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#330099&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20human%20genomes&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced human genomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fully%20sequenced%20female%20human%20genome&quot;&gt;Fully sequenced female human genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitochondrial%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human mitochondrial genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Y%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Y Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: Human Y chromosome genomics.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[HelloGene]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics News Links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics News Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Major Paper Publication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genomics Major Paper Publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Your writing contribution to Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Your writing contribution to Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Personal Genomics Issues&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;(&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic ethics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genomic ethics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Species%20Specific%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Species Specific Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Animal%20genomics&quot;&gt;Animal genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Plant%20genomics&quot;&gt;Plant genomics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microbial%20genomics&quot;&gt;Microbial genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Primate Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/C.%20elegans%20Genomics&quot;&gt;C. elegans Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Cow%20genome&quot;&gt;Cow genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Daphnia%20Genomics%20Consortium%20(DGC)&quot;&gt;Daphnia Genomics Consortium (DGC)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Insect%20genome&quot;&gt;Insect genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Rice%20Genome%20at%20BGI%20China&quot;&gt;Rice Genome at BGI China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sol%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Sol Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Tomato&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Tiger%20Genome&quot;&gt;Tiger Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TigerGenome%20Project%20by%20PGI%20Korea&quot;&gt;TigerGenome Project by PGI Korea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yeast%20Genome&quot;&gt;Yeast Genome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: SGD&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;◇&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(51, 0, 204); font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;The first genomes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first genomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Projects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PGP&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Project&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/$0%20Genomics%20Project&quot;&gt;$0 Genomics Project&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; Launched on-line. Please sign&lt;i&gt;!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%2010k%20Project&quot;&gt;Genome 10k Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20List&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics List&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Anthropogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anthropogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Autogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Autogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chemgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Chemgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Demogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Demogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ecogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ecogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Econogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Econogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Equigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Equigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Ethnogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ethnogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Eugenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Eugenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gastrogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gastrogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Getontogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Getontogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Gerogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Gerogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Hepatogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Hepatogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Immunomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Immunomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mammogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mammogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Metagenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Metagenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microgenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microgenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mitogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mitogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Mycogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mycogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nanogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nanogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Neurogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Neurogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NitroGenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NitroGenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutrigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutrigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nutragenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nutragenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Omnigenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omnigenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Oncogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Oncogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Osteogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Osteogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pangenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pangenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phylogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phylogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phytogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Phytogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Pulmogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Pulmogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Psychogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Psychogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Supergenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Supergenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[syntheticgenomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Toxicogenomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Toxicogenomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Branches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Comparative%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Comparative Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Free%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Free Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Human Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Open%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Open Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Public%20Health%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Public Health Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Essays%20and%20Opinions&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Essays and Opinions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The%20Ultimate%20information%20of%20human%20beings&quot;&gt;The Ultimate information of human beings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Who%20have%20to%20insist%20on%20the%20first%20in%20genomics&quot;&gt;Who have to insist on the first in genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomic%20Philosophy&quot;&gt;Genomic Philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;height: 172px; width: 1020.7999877929688px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ff0000&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Projects&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;G&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 153, 0);&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 204, 0);&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 204, 153);&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;mics&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;lication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;apers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[Genomics]] Journal from ScienceDirect (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&quot;&gt;http://www.journals.elsevier.com/genomics/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[BMC Genomics]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Major Genome Sequencing and Analysis&amp;nbsp;Paper authors]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/7/79/Bioinstrument_company_logo_1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Analysis Tools and Technology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioPipelines&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioPipelines&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Biomatics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Biomatics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome compression&quot;&gt;Genome compression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Amalga&quot;&gt;Amalga&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from Microsoft&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Sequencing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sequencing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;GRID technology&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;GRID technology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;SNP chip&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;SNP chip&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome sequence mapping&quot;&gt;Genome sequence mapping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Omics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Omics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioEngine&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioEngine&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BioComputing&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BioComputing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;JMP Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;JMP Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by SAS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/1/1a/Nasdaq_logo_4.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Companies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/23andme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;23andme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Bhak BiO Consulting (http://bhakbio.com)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/DNAgenotek.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;DNAgenotek.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;:Saliva DNA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Knome.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Knome.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Navigenics.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Navigenics.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Integrated%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Integrated Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;: Chicago based&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Affymetrix&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Affymetrix&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Celera&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Celera&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Human%20Genome%20Sciences,%20Inc.&quot;&gt;Human Genome Sciences, Inc.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Microsoft&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal%20Genome%20Companies&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Personal Genome Companies&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Selah Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Synthetic%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Synthetic Genomics&lt;/a&gt;: by Venter&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Agilent Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Agowa&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Agowa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decodeme.com&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decodeme.com&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Decode&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Decode&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎㅎ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Illumina&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Illumina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/NanoGen&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;NanoGen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/U.S.%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;U.S. Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Meetings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2010%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2010 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2007%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2007 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2004%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2004 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2009%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2009 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2006%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2006 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2003%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2003 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2008%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2008 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2005%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2005 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/2002%20Genomics%20Meetings&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2002 Genomics Meetings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Centers&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Institutes and Centers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Sanger%20Institute&quot;&gt;Sanger Institute&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;UK&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/BGI&quot;&gt;BGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;China&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Korea&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JGI&quot;&gt;JGI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGS%20at%20Maryland&quot;&gt;IGS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IGB%20at%20UCI&quot;&gt;IGB at UCI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/JCVI&quot;&gt;JCVI&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;USA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Genomics in CDC (USA)]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[DOE Genomics]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Organizations%20and%20Alliances&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Organizations and Alliances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioitalliance.org/&quot;&gt;Microsoft BioIT Alliance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeFoundation.org&quot;&gt;GenomeFoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Stanford%20Genomics%20Resources&quot;&gt;Stanford Genomics Resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20People&quot;&gt;Genomics People&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (put your name in this section)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/You!&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Craig%20Venter&quot;&gt;Craig Venter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Fred%20Sanger&quot;&gt;Fred Sanger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/George%20Church&quot;&gt;George Church&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Yang%20Huanming&quot;&gt;Yang Huanming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/James%20Watson&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20by%20Country&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics by Country&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/British%20Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;British Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Canadian%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Canadian Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Chinese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Chinese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Korean%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Korean Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/PGI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;PGI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/TBI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;TBI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Netherlands%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Netherlands Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/US%20Genomics&quot;&gt;US Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;: Genomics in the USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Japanese%20Genomics&quot;&gt;Japanese Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeNet&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;GenomeNet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[Autralian Genomics]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Methods&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Karyotyping&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Mass spectrometry&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Western blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Chromosomal watlking&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Yeast Two Hybrid&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Northern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;RFLP&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunoprecipitation&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Southern blot&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Elisa&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;[[Method of Sample (gDNA) Preparation for Sending out]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;SDS-page&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Immunofluorescence&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Real-time PCR&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Theory&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Genomics L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;abs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Dr. Ban Doohee lab in Yeonsei University Korea]]&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20History&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Glossary&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Glossary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Programs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Software Programs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20alignement%20programs&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Genome alignement programs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome%20visualization%20programs&quot;&gt;Genome visualization programs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;ADN static.png&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;/images/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/50px-ADN_static.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genomics%20Image&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics Image&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Portals&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Portals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Opinion on Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Opinions on Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Human Genome Project&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;About Human Genome Project&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Issues and Problems&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Issues and Problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Read Journals and Publications&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Journals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BMC Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Biology&quot;&gt;Genome Biology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by BMC Ltd with Springer Science&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Elsevier Genomics&quot;&gt;Elsevier Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;BMC Medical Genomics&quot;&gt;BMC Medical Genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Open Genomics Journal&quot;&gt;Open Genomics Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Physiological Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Physiological Genomics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by The American Physiological Society&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Research&quot;&gt;Genome Research&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by CSHL&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome from NRC press&quot;&gt;Genome from NRC press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics from Elsevier&quot;&gt;Genomics from Elsevier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics Books and Guide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Brief guide to Genomics]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;National Human Genome Research Institute.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 204, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;[[Genomics PPT and PDF presentation files]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Genome rights and genome industry enhancing bill]] by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Jong Bhak (in Korean)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1098px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomics in TV and Media&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;BBC analysis on Human Genome after 10 years in YouTube&lt;/b&gt;: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mu9Qv-lSrU&amp;amp;feature=autoplay&amp;amp;list=PLC67E043CBD218D2D&amp;amp;playnext=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Boys cured with Gene Therapy 2004 article&lt;/b&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4101411.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[Theragen BiO Institute]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome Wish&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genome Wish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;:&lt;b&gt;what I can do with my genome.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics version 2.0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genomics version 2.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Full Genomics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Full Genomics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#808080&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;♬&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomic Art&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genomic Art&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;ㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹㄹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: large; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;۩&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genomics Prizes&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 153, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Genomics Prizes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Genome references&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Genome references&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Post genomics era&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Post genomics era&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Genomics era has arrived in 2008. Post-genomics era will come in 2050. - Jong Bhak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(204, 255, 204);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;sect;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;External links&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/genomics&quot;&gt;CDC genomics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bioinfoblog.it/&quot;&gt;Bioinfoblog.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://proteome.net&quot;&gt;Proteome.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiome.org&quot;&gt;Microbiome.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biodata.com&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Laboratory Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiomics.org/&quot;&gt;Microbiomics.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot; cke_show_border&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1026.4000244140625px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#336600&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(51, 102, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;►&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Advertisement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&quot;&gt;Totalomics full sequencing and bioinformatics analysis service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;About Genomics.org&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;About Genomics.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Unleashing your genome&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Unleashing your genome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;Who maintains Genomics.org?&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Who maintains Genomics.org?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&diff=4685 Personal Genomics Institute established 2013-08-27T15:54:04Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://pgi.re.kr pgi.re.kr]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&diff=4684 Personal Genomics Institute established 2013-08-27T15:53:35Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> http://pgi.re.org&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&diff=4683 Personal Genomics Institute established 2013-08-27T15:53:10Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute (PGI) established.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> April 19th, 2010, PGI was established by Theragen Inc. as a non-profit research organization. Theragen is the most advanced genomics company in Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Genome Research Foundation which established PGI is registered foundation for genome research under the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Its main projects are analyzing personal genomes and other omes such as transcriptomes.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> It is led by [[Jong Bhak]], Ph.D.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> http://personalgenomicsinstitute.org&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Genomics_Major_Paper_Publication&diff=4682 Genomics Major Paper Publication 2013-08-26T13:52:03Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;atl&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009: [[The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group]]: [[Genome Research]].&lt;/strong&gt; May 26th. 2009&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;strong&gt;2008: [[An African,&amp;nbsp;Yoruban male genome by Illumina. 2008 Nature]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 2008: [[The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. 2008 Nature]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p class=&quot;aug&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2007: [[The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human. 2007 Plos Biology]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> 2006: [[Polony DNA sequencing. 2006 Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> 1977: [[Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. 1977 Nature]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Genomics_News_and_Ads_Archive&diff=4681 Genomics News and Ads Archive 2013-08-26T13:51:45Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130826: [[Points to consider before consenting on genome and exome sequencing]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130813:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110324:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a title=&quot;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced&quot;&gt;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&lt;/a&gt;: Nature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20110201: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110127: &lt;a title=&quot;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government&quot;&gt;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20101009: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Paris japonica logo openfree.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica&quot;&gt;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Genome size&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size&quot;&gt;Genome size&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100907: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Turkey logo 2.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot; width=&quot;39&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907&quot;&gt;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Bird genome&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome&quot;&gt;Bird genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100818: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Scripps logo openfree 1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot; width=&quot;46&quot; height=&quot;34&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Sanofi aventis logo1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot; width=&quot;44&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging&quot;&gt;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&lt;/a&gt; 20100810:&lt;a title=&quot;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection&quot;&gt;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100711:Theragen &lt;a title=&quot;Totalomics Solutions Launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched&quot;&gt;Totalomics Solutions Launched&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome sequencing product&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100623: &lt;a title=&quot;African Genomics project launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched&quot;&gt;African Genomics project launched&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100427: &lt;a title=&quot;GET conference Boston by PGP&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP&quot;&gt;GET conference Boston by PGP&lt;/a&gt; Boston, 27th April.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100419: &lt;a title=&quot;Personal Genomics Institute established&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute established&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome Institutes (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome Institutes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100401: &lt;a title=&quot;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically&quot;&gt;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100330:&lt;a title=&quot;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill&quot;&gt;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&lt;/a&gt;: PGP9. 20100330.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100325: &lt;a title=&quot;The dynamic genome of Hydra&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra&quot;&gt;The dynamic genome of Hydra&lt;/a&gt; Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Animal Genome (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Animal Genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100315:&lt;a title=&quot;The Human Genome Rights&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights&quot;&gt;The Human Genome Rights&lt;/a&gt; Declaration. 20100315 &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeEthics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics&quot;&gt;GenomeEthics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100310: &lt;a title=&quot;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy&quot;&gt;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases &lt;a title=&quot;HiSeq 2000&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000&quot;&gt;HiSeq 2000&lt;/a&gt; Instrument. . &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeSequencer&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer&quot;&gt;GenomeSequencer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&amp;nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100121: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;61&quot; height=&quot;40&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.&quot;&gt;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20091230: &lt;a title=&quot;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia&quot;&gt;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090928: &lt;a title=&quot;Potato genome draft announced&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced&quot;&gt;Potato genome draft announced&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090810: &lt;a title=&quot;A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer&quot;&gt;A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090805: &lt;a title=&quot;Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)&quot;&gt;Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)&lt;/a&gt;. [[N&amp;nbsp; Engl J Med]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090802: &lt;a title=&quot;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.&quot;&gt;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090730: &lt;a title=&quot;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics&quot;&gt;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&amp;nbsp; bear mitochondria]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: DNA Sequencing and&amp;nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. &lt;a title=&quot;454 GS FLX&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX&quot;&gt;454 GS FLX&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title=&quot;Nimblegen&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Phalaenopsis equestris&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris&quot;&gt;Phalaenopsis equestris&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;sequencing. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [&lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&lt;/a&gt; lowers-health-compass-price-1k]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Celera Uses&amp;nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: &lt;a title=&quot;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published&quot;&gt;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma mansoni&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma japonicum&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716:&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 20110214: &lt;a title=&quot;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber&quot;&gt;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&lt;/a&gt;: 20110214&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Points_to_consider_before_consenting_on_genome_and_exome_sequencing&diff=4680 Points to consider before consenting on genome and exome sequencing 2013-08-26T13:44:48Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/gim201394a.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Genomics_News_and_Ads_Archive&diff=4679 Genomics News and Ads Archive 2013-08-26T13:44:43Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;20130826: [[Points to consider before consenting on genome and exome sequencing]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130813:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110324:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a title=&quot;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced&quot;&gt;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&lt;/a&gt;: Nature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20110201: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110127: &lt;a title=&quot;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government&quot;&gt;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20101009: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Paris japonica logo openfree.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica&quot;&gt;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Genome size&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size&quot;&gt;Genome size&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100907: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Turkey logo 2.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot; width=&quot;39&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907&quot;&gt;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Bird genome&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome&quot;&gt;Bird genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100818: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Scripps logo openfree 1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot; width=&quot;46&quot; height=&quot;34&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Sanofi aventis logo1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot; width=&quot;44&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging&quot;&gt;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&lt;/a&gt; 20100810:&lt;a title=&quot;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection&quot;&gt;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100711:Theragen &lt;a title=&quot;Totalomics Solutions Launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched&quot;&gt;Totalomics Solutions Launched&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome sequencing product&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100623: &lt;a title=&quot;African Genomics project launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched&quot;&gt;African Genomics project launched&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100427: &lt;a title=&quot;GET conference Boston by PGP&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP&quot;&gt;GET conference Boston by PGP&lt;/a&gt; Boston, 27th April.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100419: &lt;a title=&quot;Personal Genomics Institute established&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute established&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome Institutes (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome Institutes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100401: &lt;a title=&quot;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically&quot;&gt;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100330:&lt;a title=&quot;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill&quot;&gt;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&lt;/a&gt;: PGP9. 20100330.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100325: &lt;a title=&quot;The dynamic genome of Hydra&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra&quot;&gt;The dynamic genome of Hydra&lt;/a&gt; Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Animal Genome (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Animal Genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100315:&lt;a title=&quot;The Human Genome Rights&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights&quot;&gt;The Human Genome Rights&lt;/a&gt; Declaration. 20100315 &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeEthics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics&quot;&gt;GenomeEthics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100310: &lt;a title=&quot;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy&quot;&gt;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases &lt;a title=&quot;HiSeq 2000&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000&quot;&gt;HiSeq 2000&lt;/a&gt; Instrument. . &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeSequencer&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer&quot;&gt;GenomeSequencer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&amp;nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100121: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;61&quot; height=&quot;40&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.&quot;&gt;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20091230: &lt;a title=&quot;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia&quot;&gt;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090928: &lt;a title=&quot;Potato genome draft announced&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Potato_genome_draft_announced&quot;&gt;Potato genome draft announced&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090810: &lt;a title=&quot;A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/A_Caucasian_human_genome_was_sequenced_by_Helicos_single_molecule_sequencer&quot;&gt;A Caucasian human genome was sequenced by Helicos single molecule sequencer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090805: &lt;a title=&quot;Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Recurring_Mutations_Found_by_Full_length_Sequencing_of_an_Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Genome_(AML)&quot;&gt;Recurring Mutations Found by Full length Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genome (AML)&lt;/a&gt;. [[N&amp;nbsp; Engl J Med]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090802: &lt;a title=&quot;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.&quot;&gt;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090730: &lt;a title=&quot;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics&quot;&gt;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&amp;nbsp; bear mitochondria]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: DNA Sequencing and&amp;nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. &lt;a title=&quot;454 GS FLX&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX&quot;&gt;454 GS FLX&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title=&quot;Nimblegen&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Phalaenopsis equestris&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris&quot;&gt;Phalaenopsis equestris&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;sequencing. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [&lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&lt;/a&gt; lowers-health-compass-price-1k]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Celera Uses&amp;nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: &lt;a title=&quot;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published&quot;&gt;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma mansoni&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma japonicum&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716:&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 20110214: &lt;a title=&quot;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber&quot;&gt;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&lt;/a&gt;: 20110214&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Genomics_News_and_Ads_Archive&diff=4678 Genomics News and Ads Archive 2013-08-26T13:24:18Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130813:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; [[File:Snowflake small.gif|40px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;[[The genome sequencing of an albino Western lowland gorilla reveals inbreeding in the wild]]. BMC Genomics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20130701: [[Jonathan Rothberg leaves Life Technologies]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110324:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a title=&quot;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Multiple_myeloma_genomes_sequenced&quot;&gt;Multiple myeloma genomes sequenced&lt;/a&gt;: Nature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;20110201: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Three_new_ant_genomes_sequenced_and_reported_in_PNAS:_Draft_genome_of_the_globally_widespread_and_invasive_Argentine_ant_(Linepithema_humile)&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Three new ant genomes sequenced and reported in PNAS: Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20110127: &lt;a title=&quot;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/University_of_Colorado_gets_funds_for_genome_sequencing_from_the_government&quot;&gt;University of Colorado gets funds for genome sequencing from the government&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20101009: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Paris japonica logo openfree.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/8/81/Paris_japonica_logo_openfree.gif&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_largest_genome_size_known_today:_Paris_japonica&quot;&gt;The largest genome size known today: Paris japonica&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Genome size&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Genome_size&quot;&gt;Genome size&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100907: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Turkey logo 2.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/d/d8/Turkey_logo_2.gif&quot; width=&quot;39&quot; height=&quot;33&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Turkey_genome_sequenced_20100907&quot;&gt;Turkey genome sequenced 20100907&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Bird genome&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Bird_genome&quot;&gt;Bird genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100818: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Scripps logo openfree 1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/a/a1/Scripps_logo_openfree_1.gif&quot; width=&quot;46&quot; height=&quot;34&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Sanofi aventis logo1.gif&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/f/fe/Sanofi_aventis_logo1.gif&quot; width=&quot;44&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Scripps,_Sanofi_Personalized_Medicine_Pact_to_Focus_Initial_PGx_Research_on_Diabetes,_Aging&quot;&gt;Scripps, Sanofi Personalized Medicine Pact to Focus Initial PGx Research on Diabetes, Aging&lt;/a&gt; 20100810:&lt;a title=&quot;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Accumulation_of_mutations_over_the_entire_mitochondrial_genome_of_breast_cancer_cells_obtained_by_tissue_microdissection&quot;&gt;Accumulation of mutations over the entire mitochondrial genome of breast cancer cells obtained by tissue microdissection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100711:Theragen &lt;a title=&quot;Totalomics Solutions Launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Totalomics_Solutions_Launched&quot;&gt;Totalomics Solutions Launched&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome sequencing product (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_sequencing_product&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome sequencing product&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100623: &lt;a title=&quot;African Genomics project launched&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/African_Genomics_project_launched&quot;&gt;African Genomics project launched&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100427: &lt;a title=&quot;GET conference Boston by PGP&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GET_conference_Boston_by_PGP&quot;&gt;GET conference Boston by PGP&lt;/a&gt; Boston, 27th April.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100419: &lt;a title=&quot;Personal Genomics Institute established&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Personal_Genomics_Institute_established&quot;&gt;Personal Genomics Institute established&lt;/a&gt; &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;Genome Institutes (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Genome_Institutes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Genome Institutes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100401: &lt;a title=&quot;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/IonTorrent_ion-sequencing_machine_announced_publically&quot;&gt;IonTorrent ion-sequencing machine announced publically&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100330:&lt;a title=&quot;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_first_fully_public_female_human_genome:_Rosalynn_Gill&quot;&gt;The first fully public female human genome: Rosalynn Gill&lt;/a&gt;: PGP9. 20100330.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100325: &lt;a title=&quot;The dynamic genome of Hydra&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_dynamic_genome_of_Hydra&quot;&gt;The dynamic genome of Hydra&lt;/a&gt; Nature. 2010 Mar 25 &amp;rArr; &lt;a title=&quot;Animal Genome (page does not exist)&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php?title=Animal_Genome&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot;&gt;Animal Genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100315:&lt;a title=&quot;The Human Genome Rights&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_Human_Genome_Rights&quot;&gt;The Human Genome Rights&lt;/a&gt; Declaration. 20100315 &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeEthics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeEthics&quot;&gt;GenomeEthics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100310: &lt;a title=&quot;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Whole-Genome_Sequencing_in_a_Patient_with_Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_Neuropathy&quot;&gt;Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot&amp;ndash;Marie&amp;ndash;Tooth Neuropathy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100126: GATC Biotech Purchases &lt;a title=&quot;HiSeq 2000&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/HiSeq_2000&quot;&gt;HiSeq 2000&lt;/a&gt; Instrument. . &amp;rArr;&lt;a title=&quot;GenomeSequencer&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/GenomeSequencer&quot;&gt;GenomeSequencer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20100303: [[Theragen Inc. launched a personal genome typing service similar to 23andme's. However, the product was&amp;nbsp; withheld due to legal issues.]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: medium&quot;&gt;20100121: &lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/File:Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Panda logo tr openfree 2.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://genomics.org/images/3/3f/Panda_logo_tr_openfree_2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;61&quot; height=&quot;40&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title=&quot;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_sequence_of_Giant_Panda_genome_assembled_de_novo_by_NGS_by_BGI.&quot;&gt;The sequence of Giant Panda genome assembled de novo by NGS by BGI.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20091230: &lt;a title=&quot;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. The first in Asia&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Theragen_Inc._in_Korea_launches_commercial_full_genome_and_SNP_chip_personal_genome_service._The_first_in_Asia&quot;&gt;Theragen Inc. in Korea launches commercial full genome and SNP chip personal genome service. 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[[N&amp;nbsp; Engl J Med]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090802: &lt;a title=&quot;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/The_complete_genome_sequence_of_Triticum_mosaic_virus_is_published_in_Arch_Vriol.&quot;&gt;The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus is published in Arch Vriol.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090730: &lt;a title=&quot;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Crocodile_genome_map_published_in_BMC_Genomics&quot;&gt;Crocodile genome map published in BMC Genomics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090727: [[A new multiplex sequencing method published by MPI group for highly degraded DNA fragments. Cave&amp;nbsp; bear mitochondria]]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: DNA Sequencing and&amp;nbsp;Array Drive 8% Growth for Roche in First Half of 2009. &lt;a title=&quot;454 GS FLX&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/454_GS_FLX&quot;&gt;454 GS FLX&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title=&quot;Nimblegen&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Nimblegen&quot;&gt;Nimblegen&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/dna-sequencing-systems-arrays-drive-8-percent-growth-roche-applied-science-first&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090724: BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in China participates in orchid genome (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Phalaenopsis equestris&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Phalaenopsis_equestris&quot;&gt;Phalaenopsis equestris&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;sequencing. &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/bgi-china-partners-sequence-orchids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Navigenics Lowers Health Compass Price to $999 USD. [&lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/navigenics-&lt;/a&gt; lowers-health-compass-price-1k]&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Celera Uses&amp;nbsp;Automated Workflows for Genomics &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2009/07/17/celera-pushes-boundaries.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: &lt;a title=&quot;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/A_draft_genomic_sequence_for_a_worm,_Schistosoma_japonicum,_was_published&quot;&gt;A draft genomic sequence for a worm, Schistosoma japonicum, was published&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716: Genomes Of Parasitic Flatworms Decoded: &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma mansoni&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Schistosoma japonicum&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131439.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;20090716:&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 20110214: &lt;a title=&quot;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&quot; href=&quot;http://genomics.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer_genomes_sequenced_by_Broad_and_Dana_Faber&quot;&gt;Prostate cancer genomes sequenced by Broad and Dana Faber&lt;/a&gt;: 20110214&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Galileo_Galilei&diff=4677 Galileo Galilei 2013-08-26T13:23:18Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[[Image:Galilei.jpg|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Galileo&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (15 February 1564&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-birthdate_1-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 8 January 1642)&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-4&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &amp;quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; the &amp;quot;father of modern physics,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Einstein_4-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; the &amp;quot;father of science,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Einstein_4-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; and &amp;quot;the Father of Modern Science.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt; Stephen Hawking says, &amp;quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &amp;quot;false and contrary to Scripture&amp;quot; in February 1616,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt; and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&amp;mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &amp;quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&amp;quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Life&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-5&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&amp;nbsp;km southeast of Florence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-8&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-10&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-11&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-14&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-15&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&amp;ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-17&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-18&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Scientific methods&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-19&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-20&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-21&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; he wrote &amp;quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&amp;nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-22&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-23&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, &lt;em&gt;Against Method&lt;/em&gt; (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&amp;nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &amp;quot;this is not crazy enough.&amp;quot;'&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-24&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-25&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-26&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;29&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Astronomy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; in March 1610&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-29&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;30&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &amp;ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &amp;quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-invisible_30-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;31&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; by their smallness,&amp;quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;32&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &amp;quot;stars&amp;quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;33&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered &lt;em&gt;Medicean stars&lt;/em&gt;, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;34&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Later astronomers, however, renamed them the &lt;em&gt;Galilean satellites&lt;/em&gt; in honour of Galileo himself.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-34&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scepticism_35-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;36&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-36&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;37&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&amp;mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-periods_37-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;38&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-38&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;39&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-39&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;40&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&amp;rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&amp;rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-40&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;41&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 &lt;em&gt;Astronomia Nova&lt;/em&gt; that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-41&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&amp;ndash;1613,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-42&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;43&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &amp;quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&amp;quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Controversy over comets and &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Main article: The Assayer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;45&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, &lt;em&gt;An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-disputatio_45-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;46&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;47&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and that it had been located well beyond the moon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;48&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;49&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;50&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's &lt;em&gt;Discourse&lt;/em&gt; gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;51&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Jesuits were offended,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, &lt;em&gt;The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;54&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-54&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;55&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; purporting to be one of his own pupils.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; was Galileo's devastating reply to the &lt;em&gt;Astronomical Balance&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;56&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;57&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; in which &amp;quot;Sarsi's&amp;quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;58&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;59&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;60&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;61&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;62&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &amp;quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-62&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;63&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his &lt;em&gt;Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-63&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;64&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-64&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;65&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-65&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &amp;quot;fascinating arguments&amp;quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-66&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;67&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo dismissed as a &amp;quot;useless fiction&amp;quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-67&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;68&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-68&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;69&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; considering the circle the &amp;quot;perfect&amp;quot; shape for planetary orbits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Technology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as &lt;em&gt;techne&lt;/em&gt; or useful knowledge, as opposed to &lt;em&gt;episteme&lt;/em&gt;, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&amp;ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a &lt;em&gt;Geometric and Military Compass&lt;/em&gt; suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&amp;ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &amp;quot;telescope&amp;quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-69&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;70&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-70&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;71&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The name was derived from the Greek &lt;em&gt;tele&lt;/em&gt; = 'far' and &lt;em&gt;skopein&lt;/em&gt; = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;72&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; By 1624 he had perfected&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;73&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;74&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;75&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Linceans played a role again in naming the &amp;quot;microscope&amp;quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&amp;iota;&amp;kappa;&amp;rho;ό&amp;nu;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;micron&lt;/em&gt;) meaning &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; and &lt;em&gt;&amp;sigma;&amp;kappa;&amp;omicron;&amp;pi;&amp;epsilon;ῖ&amp;nu;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;skopein&lt;/em&gt;) meaning &amp;quot;to look at.&amp;quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &amp;quot;telescope.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-75&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;76&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-76&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;77&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;78&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Physics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;145&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo e Viviani&lt;/em&gt;, 1892, Tito Lessi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&amp;eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-78&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;79&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-79&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;80&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-80&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;81&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his 1638 &lt;em&gt;Discorsi&lt;/em&gt; Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-81&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;82&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Simon Stevin.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-82&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;83&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-83&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;84&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&amp;mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;prop;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;).&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-84&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;85&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-85&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;86&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-86&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects &lt;em&gt;retain their velocity&lt;/em&gt; unless a force&amp;mdash;often friction&amp;mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &amp;quot;naturally&amp;quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &amp;quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&amp;quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &amp;quot;lamp of Galileo&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-87&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;88&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine &lt;em&gt;Accademia del Cimento&lt;/em&gt; repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-88&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;89&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Mathematics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Church controversy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Main article: Galileo affair&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting &lt;em&gt;Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &amp;quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&amp;quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &amp;quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&amp;quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &amp;quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&amp;quot; etc.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;90&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &amp;quot;hold or defend&amp;quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury&lt;sup style=&quot;WHITE-SPACE: nowrap&quot; class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; title=&quot;This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;[&lt;em&gt;neutrality disputed&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-90&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;91&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was found &amp;quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&amp;quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &amp;quot;abjure, curse and detest&amp;quot; those opinions.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-91&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;92&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His offending &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-92&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;93&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase &lt;em&gt;And yet it moves&lt;/em&gt;, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-93&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;94&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, &lt;em&gt;Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt;. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.&lt;sup style=&quot;WHITE-SPACE: nowrap&quot; class=&quot;noprint Template-Fact&quot; title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;[&lt;em&gt;citation needed&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &amp;quot;father of modern physics.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-funeral_94-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;95&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;96&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;97&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt;) in Florence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;99&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;100&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which included a mildly censored version of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;101&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; and Copernicus's &lt;em&gt;De Revolutionibus&lt;/em&gt; remained.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;102&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;103&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;most audacious heroes of research&amp;nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-103&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &amp;quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-104&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;105&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-105&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;106&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &amp;quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &amp;ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scupper_107-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;108&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &amp;quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-108&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;109&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-109&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-110&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;111&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-111&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;112&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His writings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 142px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled &lt;em&gt;The Little Balance&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;La Billancetta&lt;/em&gt;) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-112&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;113&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the 1606 printed manual &lt;em&gt;Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare&lt;/em&gt; on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-113&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;114&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan &lt;em&gt;De Motu&lt;/em&gt; (On Motion) and his &lt;em&gt;circa&lt;/em&gt; 1600 Paduan &lt;em&gt;Le Meccaniche&lt;/em&gt; (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's 1610 &lt;em&gt;The Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt;) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the Galilean moons;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the roughness of the Moon's surface;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&amp;mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled &lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-114&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;115&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The &lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt; also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &amp;quot;appendages&amp;quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the &lt;em&gt;Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt; which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the &lt;em&gt;Letter to Castelli&lt;/em&gt;, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-115&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;116&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the tides&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare&lt;/em&gt;) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-116&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;117&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorso Delle Comete&lt;/em&gt;), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-117&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;118&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1623, Galileo published &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-118&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;119&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his &lt;em&gt;Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze&lt;/em&gt;) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Little Balance&lt;/em&gt; (1586)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;On Motion&lt;/em&gt; (1590) &lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-119&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;120&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; (c1600)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt; (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt; (1613)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt; (1615; published in 1636)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Tides&lt;/em&gt; (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Legacy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-120&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;121&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the &lt;em&gt;Galileo&lt;/em&gt; which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 162px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;159&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-121&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;122&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &amp;mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his &lt;em&gt;Life of Galileo&lt;/em&gt; (1943). A film adaptation with the title &lt;em&gt;Galileo&lt;/em&gt; was released in 1975.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &amp;euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&amp;uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Notes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2&quot; class=&quot;references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-McTutor-0&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;f&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F.&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &amp;quot;Galileo Galilei&amp;quot;. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. University of St Andrews, Scotland&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-07-24&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-birthdate-1&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-2&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png&quot; /&gt; &amp;quot;Galileo Galilei&amp;quot; in the 1913 &lt;em&gt;Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/em&gt;. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-3&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSinger1941&quot;&gt;Singer, Charles (1941), &lt;em&gt;A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century&lt;/em&gt;, Clarendon Press&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;pgis=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;amp;rft.date=1941&amp;amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (page 217)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Einstein-4&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeidhorn2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. iUniverse. pp.&amp;nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (2007).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-6&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp;amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.127&amp;ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-8&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Reston (2000, pp. 3&amp;ndash;14).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-9&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&amp;ndash;66).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-10&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRutkin&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Rutkin, H. Darrel. &amp;quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&amp;quot;. Program in History &amp;amp; Philosophy of Science &amp;amp; Technology, Stanford University.&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-04-15&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-11&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &amp;quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-13&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPedersen&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Pedersen, O. (24 May&amp;ndash;27, 1984). &amp;quot;Galileo's Religion&amp;quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&amp;nbsp;75-102.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-14&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Gebler (1879, pp. 22&amp;ndash;35).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-15&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnonymous2007&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Anonymous (2007). &amp;quot;History&amp;quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;amp;pa=showpage&amp;amp;pid=21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-10&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-16&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, &lt;em&gt;The Galileo Affair&lt;/em&gt;, pp.147&amp;ndash;149, 153&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-17&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarney2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-18&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Allan-Olney (1870)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-19&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.204&amp;ndash;05)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-20&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCohen1984&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Cohen, H. F. (1984). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Springer. pp.&amp;nbsp;78&amp;ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;amp;rft.date=1984&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-21&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFField2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Field, Judith Veronica (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Yale University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;317&amp;ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-22&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In Drake (1957, pp.237&amp;minus;238)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-23&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Wallace, (1984).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-24&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFeyerabend1993&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul (1993). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Against Method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&amp;nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-25&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.202&amp;ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&amp;ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&amp;ndash;75) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-26&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.202&amp;ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Hawking (1988, p.179).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Einstein (1954, p.271). &amp;quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&amp;mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-29&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1990, pp.133&amp;ndash;34).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-invisible-30&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, invisible to the naked eye.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.146).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-moonconclusion-32&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; (Favaro,1892, 3:81&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Latin)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-medicean_stars-33&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.17).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-34&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scepticism-35&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.158&amp;ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&amp;ndash;19).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-36&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;God's Philosophers&lt;/em&gt; ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-periods-37&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-38&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-39&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-40&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-03-11&quot;&gt;2007-03-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-41&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his &lt;em&gt;Astronomia Nova&lt;/em&gt; celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 &lt;em&gt;Epitome&lt;/em&gt; (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&amp;aelig;dia Britannica 1952 &lt;em&gt;Great Books of the Western World&lt;/em&gt; edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his &lt;em&gt;Commentaries on Mars&lt;/em&gt; Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-42&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-sunspot_argument-43&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&amp;ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&amp;rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&amp;ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&amp;ndash;140).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-disputatio-45&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Grassi (1960a).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galilei &amp;amp; Guiducci (1960).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.xvi).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp;amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuits_offended-52&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-astronomical_balance-53&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Grassi (1960b).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-54&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-the_assayer-55&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galilei (1960).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-withering_scorn-57&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.138&amp;ndash;142).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-assayer_success-58&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.xix).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.vii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.175).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.175&amp;ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-62&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&amp;ndash;9.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-63&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-64&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&amp;ndash;133&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-65&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&amp;ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&amp;ndash;6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-66&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Einstein (1952) p. xvii&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-67&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-68&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKusukawa&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Kusukawa, Sachiko. &amp;quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-03-10&quot;&gt;2007-03-10&lt;/span&gt;]&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-69&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the &lt;em&gt;Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt;, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &amp;quot;perspicillum.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-70&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;omni-optical.com &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;A Very Short History of the Telescope&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-telescope_microscope-71&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.163&amp;ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&amp;ndash;164)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Latin)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-microscope_perfection-72&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2003-08-01&quot;&gt;2003-08-01&lt;/span&gt;), &amp;copy; 1995&amp;ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-08-28&quot;&gt;2007-08-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-75&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &amp;quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&amp;quot;&amp;quot; (PDF)&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-76&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-08-28&quot;&gt;2007-08-28&lt;/span&gt;. See also Timeline of microscope technology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-microscope_use-77&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.286).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-78&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies &lt;em&gt;of the same material&lt;/em&gt; falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-79&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-80&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGroleau&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Groleau, Rick. &amp;quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBall&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Ball, Phil. &amp;quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&amp;ndash;21, 414&amp;ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-81&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Lucretius, &lt;em&gt;De rerum natura&lt;/em&gt; II, 225&amp;ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, &lt;em&gt;Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa&lt;/em&gt; (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-82&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Simon Stevin, &lt;em&gt;De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet&lt;/em&gt; [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., &lt;em&gt;The Principal Works of Simon Stevin&lt;/em&gt; (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp;amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;amp;page=509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-83&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&amp;ndash;54).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-84&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-85&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Clagett (1968, p.561).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-86&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-87&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galileo Galilei, &lt;em&gt;Two New Sciences,&lt;/em&gt; (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-88&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; I. Bernard Cohen, &amp;quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 31 (1940): 327&amp;ndash;379, see pp. 332&amp;ndash;333&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&amp;ndash;172) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-90&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; See Langford (1966, pp.133&amp;ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in &lt;em&gt;The Sleepwalkers&lt;/em&gt; (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &amp;quot;this of course is untrue&amp;quot; (1959, p.483)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-91&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&amp;ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &amp;quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&amp;quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &amp;quot;erroneous in faith&amp;quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-92&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. See Galileo affair for further details.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-93&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &amp;quot;Eppur si muove&amp;quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&amp;eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-funeral-94&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-funeral_protests-95&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&amp;ndash;80) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-burial_spot-96&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-reburial_spot-97&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&amp;ndash;384).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-incomplete_works-98&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.299).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-complete_works_1-99&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-complete_works_2-100&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.303&amp;ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-ban_lifted-102&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-103&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-104&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-105&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &amp;quot;in support of&amp;quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-self-doubt-106&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Ratzinger (1994, p.98).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scupper-107&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Ratzinger (1994, p.98)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-108&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&amp;quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-08-09&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-109&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&amp;quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-01-16&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-110&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&amp;quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2009-03-02&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-111&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&amp;quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-12-22&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-112&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hydrostatic balance&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-113&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Works of Galileo&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=10&amp;amp;exbpg=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-114&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sunspots and Floating Bodies&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=13&amp;amp;exbpg=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-115&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=14&amp;amp;exbpg=3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-116&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo's Theory of the Tides&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-117&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo Timeline&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-118&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo Galilei&lt;/em&gt;, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-119&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; [1]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-120&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFischer2001&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Fischer, Daniel (2001). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span&gt;Galileo &lt;em&gt;Spacecraft&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Springer. pp.&amp;nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-121&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &amp;quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&amp;quot; (PDF). UNESCO&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-10&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;References&quot; name=&quot;References&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;References&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAllan-Olney1870&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot;&gt;The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Boston: Nichols and Noyes&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-09&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;amp;rft.date=1870&amp;amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Biagioli-1993&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Biagioli, Mario (1993). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Blackwell-2006&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-268-02201-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2006&amp;amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Brodrick-1965&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: G. Chapman.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=1965&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Clagett-1968&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp;amp; translator) (1968). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-04880-2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1968&amp;amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Clavelin, Maurice &lt;em&gt;The Natural Philosophy of Galileo&lt;/em&gt; MIT Press 1974&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Coffa,J &lt;em&gt;Galileo's Concept of Inertia&lt;/em&gt; Physis 1968&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) &lt;em&gt;Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science&lt;/em&gt;. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-13-964131-9&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Cooper-1935&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cooper, Lane (1935). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-4067-5263-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;amp;rft.date=1935&amp;amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Coyne-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.340&amp;ndash;359)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drabkin, Israel &amp;amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp;amp; translators) &lt;em&gt;On Motion and On Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; University of Wisconsin Press 1960 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-02030-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1953&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1953&amp;amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1957&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1957). &lt;em&gt;Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Doubleday &amp;amp; Company. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-385-09239-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1960). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&amp;ndash;xxv)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1970&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1970). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-472-08283-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1970&amp;amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1973). &amp;quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Scientific American&lt;/em&gt; v. 228, #5, pp.&amp;nbsp;84&amp;ndash;92.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1978&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1978). &lt;em&gt;Galileo At Work&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-226-16226-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1990&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1990). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: Pioneer Scientist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8020-2725-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1990&amp;amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Controversy on the Comets of 1618&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Dugas,Ren&amp;eacute; &lt;em&gt;A History of Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; 1955, Dover Publications 1988&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci&lt;/em&gt; 1906-13&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;Le Systeme du Monde&lt;/em&gt; 1913 -&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;History of Physics&lt;/em&gt; Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Einstein-1954&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Albert Einstein&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Albert_Einstein&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Einstein, Albert&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1954). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ideas and Opinions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-285-64724-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.date=1954&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fantoli, Annibale (2003). &lt;em&gt;Galileo&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church&lt;/em&gt;, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 88-209-7427-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Fantoli-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fantoli, Annibale (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.117&amp;ndash;149)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Favaro-1890&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Favaro, Antonio (1890&amp;ndash;1909), ed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO&quot;&gt;Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. (&lt;em&gt;The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition&lt;/em&gt;, 20 vols.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Florence&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Florence&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Florence&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;: Barbera, 1890&amp;ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&amp;ndash;1939 and 1964&amp;ndash;1966. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 88-09-20881-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; Searchable online copy from the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Institute and Museum of the History of Science&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Florence. Brief overview of &lt;em&gt;Le Opere&lt;/em&gt; @ Finns Fine Books, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; and here &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul &lt;em&gt;Againat Method&lt;/em&gt; Verso 1975&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Feyerabend-1995&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Paul Feyerabend&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1995). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-226-24531-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=1995&amp;amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). &lt;em&gt;Metaphysical Bible Dictionary&lt;/em&gt;. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-87159-067-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Finocchiaro-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-520-06662-6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFinocchiaro&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &amp;quot;Book Review&amp;mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&amp;quot;, &lt;em&gt;The Historian&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;69&lt;/strong&gt; (3): 601&amp;ndash;602, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;:&lt;span class=&quot;neverexpand&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;amp;rft.volume=69&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Galileo-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Assayer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&amp;ndash;336)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Galileo-1954&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;amp;Itemid=99999999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;amp;Itemid=99999999&quot;&gt;Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (Translation by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; of Galileo's 1638 &lt;em&gt;Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences&lt;/em&gt;) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-06400-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&amp;ndash;65)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Gebler-1879&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Gebler, Karl von (1879). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: C.K. Paul &amp;amp; Co.&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;amp;rft.date=1879&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), &lt;em&gt;Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science&lt;/em&gt;, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, McGraw-Hill&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grant, Edward &lt;em&gt;Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics&lt;/em&gt; Centaurus, 11, 1965-7&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Grassi-1960a&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&amp;ndash;19)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Grassi-1960b&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&amp;ndash;132)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &amp;uuml;ber die Urtheile R&amp;ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Regensburg: Pustet.&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Google Books&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Google_Books&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Google Books&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-7905-6229-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;(LCC# QB36&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; &lt;em&gt;microfiche&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;amp;pgis=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;amp;pgis=1&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&amp;ndash;213&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hall, A. R. &lt;em&gt;From Galileo to Newton&lt;/em&gt; 1963&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hall, A. R. &lt;em&gt;Galileo and the Science of Motion&lt;/em&gt; in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hoskin, Michael (Ed) &lt;em&gt;The Cambridge concise history of astronomy&lt;/em&gt; CUP 1999&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Hawking-1988&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stephen Hawking&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stephen_Hawking&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hawking, Stephen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1988). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;A Brief History of Time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. New York, NY: Bantam Books. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-553-34614-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Heilbron-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Heilbron, John L. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.279&amp;ndash;322)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hellman, Hal (1988). &lt;em&gt;Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Wiley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-jarrel-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&amp;ndash;32)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Kelter-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kelter, Irving A. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.38&amp;ndash;53)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Humphreys, W. C. &lt;em&gt;Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares&lt;/em&gt; 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Koestler-1990&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Arthur Koestler&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Arthur_Koestler&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koestler, Arthur&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1990) [1959]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;The Sleepwalkers&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers&quot;&gt;The Sleepwalkers&lt;/a&gt;: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Penguin. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-14-019246-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=1990&amp;amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Koyr&amp;eacute;&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koyr&amp;eacute;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Alexandre &lt;em&gt;A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton&lt;/em&gt; Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koyr&amp;eacute;, Alexandre &lt;em&gt;Galilean Studies&lt;/em&gt; Harvester Press 1978&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kuhn, T. &lt;em&gt;The Copernican Revolution&lt;/em&gt; 1957&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kuhn, T. &lt;em&gt;The Structure of Scientific Revolutions&lt;/em&gt; 1962&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Lattis, James M. (1994). &lt;em&gt;Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology&lt;/em&gt;, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Langford-1998&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, Science and the Church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-890318-25-6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.edition=third&amp;amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Lessl, Thomas, &amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The Galileo Legend&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;New Oxford Review&lt;/em&gt;, 27&amp;ndash;33 (June 2000).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Linton-2004&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Linton, Christopher M. (2004). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;From Eudoxus to Einstein&amp;mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Losee, J. &lt;em&gt;Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia&lt;/em&gt; American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&amp;nbsp;430-2 1966&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-McMullin-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church and Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-268-03483-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-McMullin-2005a&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.150&amp;ndash;190)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Mach, Ernst. &lt;em&gt;The Science of Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; 1893&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Machamer, Peter (Ed) &lt;em&gt;The Cambridge Companion to Galileo&lt;/em&gt; Cambridge University Press 1998&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &amp;quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 81: 695&amp;ndash;707&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Newall, Paul (2004). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Galileo Affair&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Remmert, Volker R. (2005). &lt;em&gt;Galileo, God, and Mathematics&lt;/em&gt;. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): &lt;em&gt;Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study&lt;/em&gt;, Amsterdam et al., 347&amp;ndash;360&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Ratzinger-1994&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Pope Benedict XVI&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1994). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&amp;mdash;Assessment and Forecast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-89870-461-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Online Computer Library Center&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;60292876&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;amp;rft.date=1994&amp;amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReston2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Reston, James (2000). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: A Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Beard Books. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-893122-62-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Seeger-1966&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo Galilei, his life and his works&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Oxford: Pergamon Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=1966&amp;amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Settle-1961&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &amp;quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;, 133:19&amp;ndash;23&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Sharratt-1994&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Sharratt, Michael (1994), &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Decisive Innovator.&lt;/em&gt; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-521-56671-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Shapere, Dudley &lt;em&gt;Galileo, a Philosophical Study&lt;/em&gt; University of Chicago Press 1974&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-19-516598-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Sobel-2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo's Daughter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: Fourth Estate. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-85702-712-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton, Ren&amp;eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-521-24254-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Thoren-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Thoren, Victor E. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tycho Brahe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Vanhelden-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Van Helden, Albert (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wallace, William A. (1984) &lt;em&gt;Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,&lt;/em&gt; (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-691-08355-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Wallace-2004&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wallace, William A. (2004). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-86078-964-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;White, Andrew Dickson (1898). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. New York 1898.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;White, Michael. (2007). &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.&lt;/em&gt; Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson:London, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &amp;quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 75: 269&amp;ndash;286.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Zik Yaakov, &amp;quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Perspectives on Science&lt;/em&gt; 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&amp;ndash;284.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;External_links&quot; name=&quot;External_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;History of Science Museum - Florence&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Portraits of Galileo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a title=&quot;Vatican Secret Archives&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Vatican Secret Archives&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo Affair catholic.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://galileo.rice.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://galileo.rice.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;The Galileo Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a title=&quot;Rice University&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rice_University&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rice University&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;PBS Nova Online: &lt;em&gt;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;The Galilean Library&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, educational site.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo and the Catholic Church&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; article at Catholic League&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a title=&quot;Internet Movie Database&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Internet Movie Database&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Works by or about Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in libraries (&lt;a title=&quot;WorldCat&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/WorldCat&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;WorldCat&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; catalog)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galileo's 1590 &lt;em&gt;De Motu&lt;/em&gt; translation &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Works by Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: text with concordances and frequencies.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galilei, Galileo. &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 1610 Rome. From &lt;a title=&quot;Rare Book Room&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rare_Book_Room&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rare Book Room&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Scanned first edition.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galilei, Galileo. &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 1613 Rome. From &lt;a title=&quot;Rare Book Room&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rare_Book_Room&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rare Book Room&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Scanned first edition.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;John J. O'Connor (mathematician)&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;O'Connor, John J.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a title=&quot;Edmund F. Robertson&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Robertson, Edmund F.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;quot;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Linda Hall Library features a &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;first edition of &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius Magna&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as well as a &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;pirated edition from the same year&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, both fully digitized.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;amp;feature=related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;amp;feature=related&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Feather &amp;amp; Hammer Drop on Moon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Galileo_Galilei&diff=4676 Galileo Galilei 2013-08-26T13:23:01Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[[Image:Galilei.jpg|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Galileo&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (15 February 1564&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-birthdate_1-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 8 January 1642)&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-4&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the &amp;quot;father of modern observational astronomy,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; the &amp;quot;father of modern physics,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Einstein_4-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; the &amp;quot;father of science,&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Einstein_4-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; and &amp;quot;the Father of Modern Science.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-finocchiaro2007_5-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt; Stephen Hawking says, &amp;quot;Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as &amp;quot;false and contrary to Scripture&amp;quot; in February 1616,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-contrary_to_scripture_7-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt; and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it&amp;mdash;which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found &amp;quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&amp;quot; forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Life&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) became a noted lutenist and composer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-5&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35&amp;nbsp;km southeast of Florence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-McTutor_0-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-8&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-10&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-11&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-daughters_unmarriageable_12-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favour of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-14&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-15&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574&amp;ndash;1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, published in Florence in 1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Following a papal trial in which he was found vehemently suspect of heresy, Galileo was placed under house arrest and his movements restricted by the Pope. From 1634 onward he stayed at his country house at Arcetri, outside of Florence. He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-17&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-18&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Scientific methods&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-19&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-20&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale. Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-21&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; he wrote &amp;quot;Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe&amp;nbsp;... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; ... .&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-22&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-23&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, &lt;em&gt;Against Method&lt;/em&gt; (1975), was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians&amp;nbsp;... demanded strong empirical support while the Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's &amp;quot;this is not crazy enough.&amp;quot;'&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-24&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-25&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-26&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Hawking_galileo_27-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-father_of_science_Einstein_28-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;29&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Astronomy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg/180px-Galileo.script.arp.600pix.jpg.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; in March 1610&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/180px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope, invented by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made others with up to about 30x magnification.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-29&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;30&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth &amp;ndash; it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were a profitable sideline. He could sell them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 7 January 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as &amp;quot;three fixed stars, totally invisible&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-invisible_30-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;31&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; by their smallness,&amp;quot; all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jupiter.27s_moons_31-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;32&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these &amp;quot;stars&amp;quot; relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter:&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-moonconclusion_32-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;33&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, and Callisto. He discovered the fourth, Ganymede, on 13 January. Galileo named the four satellites he had discovered &lt;em&gt;Medicean stars&lt;/em&gt;, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-medicean_stars_33-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;34&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Later astronomers, however, renamed them the &lt;em&gt;Galilean satellites&lt;/em&gt; in honour of Galileo himself.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-34&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scepticism_35-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;36&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-36&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;37&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods&amp;mdash;a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-periods_37-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;38&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-38&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;39&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-39&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;40&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism&amp;rsquo;s prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo&amp;rsquo;s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-40&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;41&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although Kepler had unwittingly observed one in 1607, but mistook it for a transit of Mercury. He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne, which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury. The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens posited by orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics, but their regular periodic transits also confirmed the dramatic novel prediction of Kepler's Aristotelian celestial dynamics in his 1609 &lt;em&gt;Astronomia Nova&lt;/em&gt; that the sun rotates, which was the first successful novel prediction of post-spherist celestial physics.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-41&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; And the annual variations in sunspots' motions, discovered by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612&amp;ndash;1613,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-42&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;43&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-sunspot_argument_43-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; For the seasonal variation refuted all non-geo-rotational geostatic planetary models such as the Ptolemaic pure geocentric model and the Tychonic geoheliocentric model in which the Sun orbits the Earth daily, whereby the variation should appear daily but does not. But it was explicable by all geo-rotational systems such as Longomontanus's semi-Tychonic geo-heliocentric model, Capellan and extended Capellan geo-heliocentric models with a daily rotating Earth, and the pure heliocentric model. A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes, looking for confirmation of Kepler's prediction of the sun's rotation. Scheiner quickly adopted Kepler's 1615 proposal of the modern telescope design, which gave larger magnification at the cost of inverted images; Galileo apparently never changed to Kepler's design.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface. He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations. This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was &amp;quot;rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself,&amp;quot; rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed. Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye. Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not realize that it was a planet and took no particular notice of it. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Controversy over comets and &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Main article: The Assayer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself. Because &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scientific_manifesto_44-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;45&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, &lt;em&gt;An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-disputatio_45-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;46&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-grassi_great_circle_46-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;47&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and that it had been located well beyond the moon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticized in a subsequent article, &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-discourse_on_comets_47-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;48&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci, although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-authorship_of_discourse_48-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;49&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-criticism_of_previous_theories_49-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;50&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's &lt;em&gt;Discourse&lt;/em&gt; gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Scheiner_insult_50-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;51&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-uncomplimentary_remark_51-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Jesuits were offended,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuits_offended_52-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, &lt;em&gt;The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance&lt;/em&gt; ,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-astronomical_balance_53-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;54&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-54&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;55&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; purporting to be one of his own pupils.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; was Galileo's devastating reply to the &lt;em&gt;Astronomical Balance&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-the_assayer_55-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;56&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-masterpiece_of_polemics_56-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;57&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; in which &amp;quot;Sarsi's&amp;quot; arguments are subjected to withering scorn.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-withering_scorn_57-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;58&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It was greeted with wide acclaim, and particularly pleased the new pope, Urban VIII, to whom it had been dedicated.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-assayer_success_58-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;59&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuit_alienation_59-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;60&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-jesuits_responsible_60-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;61&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-evidence_of_jesuits_61-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;62&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without &amp;quot;a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-62&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;63&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth. This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his &lt;em&gt;Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-63&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;64&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface speeded up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-64&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;65&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-65&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his &amp;quot;fascinating arguments&amp;quot; and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-66&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;67&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo dismissed as a &amp;quot;useless fiction&amp;quot; the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the moon caused the tides.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-67&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;68&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo also refused to accept Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-68&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;69&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; considering the circle the &amp;quot;perfect&amp;quot; shape for planetary orbits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Galilee.jpg/180px-Galilee.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg/180px-Galileo_telescope_replica.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Technology&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology, as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others. This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as &lt;em&gt;techne&lt;/em&gt; or useful knowledge, as opposed to &lt;em&gt;episteme&lt;/em&gt;, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things. Between 1595&amp;ndash;1598, Galileo devised and improved a &lt;em&gt;Geometric and Military Compass&lt;/em&gt; suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccol&amp;ograve; Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations. About 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name &amp;quot;telescope&amp;quot; was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-69&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;70&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-70&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;71&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The name was derived from the Greek &lt;em&gt;tele&lt;/em&gt; = 'far' and &lt;em&gt;skopein&lt;/em&gt; = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-telescope_microscope_71-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;72&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; By 1624 he had perfected&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-microscope_perfection_72-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;73&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Zollern_microscope_73-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;74&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Cesi_microscope_74-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;75&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Linceans played a role again in naming the &amp;quot;microscope&amp;quot; a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&amp;iota;&amp;kappa;&amp;rho;ό&amp;nu;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;micron&lt;/em&gt;) meaning &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; and &lt;em&gt;&amp;sigma;&amp;kappa;&amp;omicron;&amp;pi;&amp;epsilon;ῖ&amp;nu;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;skopein&lt;/em&gt;) meaning &amp;quot;to look at.&amp;quot; The word was meant to be analogous with &amp;quot;telescope.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-75&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;76&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-76&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;77&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-microscope_use_77-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;78&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here. The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Physics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;145&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg/180px-Tito_Lessi_-_Galileo_and_Viviani.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo e Viviani&lt;/em&gt;, 1892, Tito Lessi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and Ren&amp;eacute; Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-78&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;79&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-79&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;80&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-80&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;81&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his 1638 &lt;em&gt;Discorsi&lt;/em&gt; Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as largely Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-81&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;82&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Simon Stevin.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-82&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;83&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-83&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;84&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest&amp;mdash;namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time (&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;prop;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;).&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-84&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;85&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original. The time-squared law for uniformly accelerated change was already known to Nicole Oresme in the 14th century,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-85&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;86&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Domingo de Soto, in the 16th, had suggested that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-86&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). He also concluded that objects &lt;em&gt;retain their velocity&lt;/em&gt; unless a force&amp;mdash;often friction&amp;mdash;acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects &amp;quot;naturally&amp;quot; slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan, and according to Joseph Needham, Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force, the key breakthrough in validating inertia). Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: &amp;quot;A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.&amp;quot; This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg/180px-Pisa.Duomo.dome.Riminaldi01.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the &amp;quot;lamp of Galileo&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also claimed (incorrectly) that a pendulum's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. That is, that a simple pendulum is isochronous. It is popularly believed that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it. It appears however, that he conducted no experiments because the claim is true only of infinitesimally small swings as discovered by Christian Huygens. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. The clock was never built and, because of the large swings required by its verge escapement, would have been a poor timekeeper. (See Technology above.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-87&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;88&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine &lt;em&gt;Accademia del Cimento&lt;/em&gt; repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-88&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;89&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency. By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides, based on the motion of the Earth. If correct, this would have been a strong argument for the reality of the Earth's motion. In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Mathematics&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox, which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares. Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Church controversy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Main article: Galileo affair&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/180px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting &lt;em&gt;Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include (depending on translation) text stating that &amp;quot;the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.&amp;quot; In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, &amp;quot;the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.&amp;quot; Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that &amp;quot;And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place&amp;quot; etc.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Bellarmine_quote_89-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;90&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to &amp;quot;hold or defend&amp;quot; the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury&lt;sup style=&quot;WHITE-SPACE: nowrap&quot; class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; title=&quot;This statement may not be entirely without bias from June 2009&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;[&lt;em&gt;neutrality disputed&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-90&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;91&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt;, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo was found &amp;quot;vehemently suspect of heresy,&amp;quot; namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to &amp;quot;abjure, curse and detest&amp;quot; those opinions.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-91&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;92&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His offending &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-92&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;93&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 182px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG/180px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tomb of Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase &lt;em&gt;And yet it moves&lt;/em&gt;, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-93&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;94&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, &lt;em&gt;Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt;. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.&lt;sup style=&quot;WHITE-SPACE: nowrap&quot; class=&quot;noprint Template-Fact&quot; title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2008&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;[&lt;em&gt;citation needed&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the &amp;quot;father of modern physics.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-funeral_94-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;95&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-funeral_protests_95-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;96&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-burial_spot_96-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;97&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-reburial_spot_97-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt;) in Florence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-incomplete_works_98-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;99&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-complete_works_1_99-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;100&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which included a mildly censored version of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-complete_works_2_100-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;101&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; and Copernicus's &lt;em&gt;De Revolutionibus&lt;/em&gt; remained.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-ban_not_lifted_101-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;102&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-ban_lifted_102-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;103&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;most audacious heroes of research&amp;nbsp;... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-103&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: &amp;quot;Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-104&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;105&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-105&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;106&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called &amp;quot;a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-self-doubt_106-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying &amp;ldquo;The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-scupper_107-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;108&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say &amp;quot;It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.&amp;quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-self-doubt_106-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-108&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;109&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-109&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-110&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;111&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-111&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;112&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His writings&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 142px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Galileo_Galilei01.jpg/140px-Galileo_Galilei01.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled &lt;em&gt;The Little Balance&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;La Billancetta&lt;/em&gt;) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-112&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;113&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the 1606 printed manual &lt;em&gt;Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare&lt;/em&gt; on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-113&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;114&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan &lt;em&gt;De Motu&lt;/em&gt; (On Motion) and his &lt;em&gt;circa&lt;/em&gt; 1600 Paduan &lt;em&gt;Le Meccaniche&lt;/em&gt; (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian-Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's 1610 &lt;em&gt;The Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt;) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the Galilean moons;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the roughness of the Moon's surface;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars&amp;mdash;the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled &lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-114&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;115&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The &lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt; also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling &amp;quot;appendages&amp;quot; of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the &lt;em&gt;Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt; which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the &lt;em&gt;Letter to Castelli&lt;/em&gt;, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-115&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;116&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the tides&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare&lt;/em&gt;) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-116&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;117&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title &lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorso Delle Comete&lt;/em&gt;), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-117&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;118&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In 1623, Galileo published &lt;em&gt;The Assayer&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; Il Saggiatore&lt;/em&gt;, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-118&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;119&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his &lt;em&gt;Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze&lt;/em&gt;) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Little Balance&lt;/em&gt; (1586)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;On Motion&lt;/em&gt; (1590) &lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-119&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;120&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; (c1600)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt; (1610; in Latin, Sidereus Nuncius)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Letters on Sunspots&lt;/em&gt; (1613)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt; (1615; published in 1636)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Tides&lt;/em&gt; (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/em&gt; (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Assayer&lt;/em&gt; (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/em&gt; (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (1638; in Italian, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Legacy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-120&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;121&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the &lt;em&gt;Galileo&lt;/em&gt; which is a non-SI unit of acceleration.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;WIDTH: 162px&quot; class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;159&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg/160px-2009_Austria_25_Euro_Year_of_Astronomy_Front.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Partly because 2009 is the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations has scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-121&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;122&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A global scheme laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by UNESCO &amp;mdash; the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brecht dramatised Galileo's life in his &lt;em&gt;Life of Galileo&lt;/em&gt; (1943). A film adaptation with the title &lt;em&gt;Galileo&lt;/em&gt; was released in 1975.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the &amp;euro;25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsm&amp;uuml;nster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Notes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2&quot; class=&quot;references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-McTutor-0&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;f&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson.2C_E._F.&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. &amp;quot;Galileo Galilei&amp;quot;. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. University of St Andrews, Scotland&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-07-24&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+St+Andrews%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BScotland%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-birthdate-1&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-2&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png&quot; /&gt; &amp;quot;Galileo Galilei&amp;quot; in the 1913 &lt;em&gt;Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/em&gt;. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-3&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSinger1941&quot;&gt;Singer, Charles (1941), &lt;em&gt;A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century&lt;/em&gt;, Clarendon Press&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;pgis=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Charles&amp;amp;rft.date=1941&amp;amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ%26pgis%3D1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (page 217)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Einstein-4&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeidhorn2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. iUniverse. pp.&amp;nbsp;155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weidhorn&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred&amp;amp;rft.au=Weidhorn%2C+Manfred&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B155&amp;amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-595-36877-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-finocchiaro2007-5&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (2007).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-6&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;quot;Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention &amp;amp; Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-contrary_to_scripture-7&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.127&amp;ndash;131), McMullin (2005a).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-8&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Reston (2000, pp. 3&amp;ndash;14).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-9&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp. 45&amp;ndash;66).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-10&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRutkin&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Rutkin, H. Darrel. &amp;quot;Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look&amp;quot;. Program in History &amp;amp; Philosophy of Science &amp;amp; Technology, Stanford University.&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-04-15&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Astrology%2C+and+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+Another+Look&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Rutkin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Darrel&amp;amp;rft.au=Rutkin%2C+H.+Darrel&amp;amp;rft.pub=Program+in+History+%26+Philosophy+of+Science+%26+Technology%2C+Stanford+University.&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPST%2Fcolloquia0405.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-11&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-daughters_unmarriageable-12&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. &amp;quot;But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-13&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPedersen&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Pedersen, O. (24 May&amp;ndash;27, 1984). &amp;quot;Galileo's Religion&amp;quot;. Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp.&amp;nbsp;75-102.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Religion&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O.&amp;amp;rft.date=24+May%E2%80%9327%2C+1984&amp;amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Cracow+Conference%2C+The+Galileo+affair%3A+A+meeting+of+faith+and+science&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75-102&amp;amp;rft.place=Cracow&amp;amp;rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co.&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-14&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Gebler (1879, pp. 22&amp;ndash;35).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-15&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnonymous2007&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Anonymous (2007). &amp;quot;History&amp;quot;. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&amp;amp;pa=showpage&amp;amp;pid=21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-10&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=History&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Anonymous&amp;amp;rft.au=Anonymous&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.pub=Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincei.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D21&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-16&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, &lt;em&gt;The Galileo Affair&lt;/em&gt;, pp.147&amp;ndash;149, 153&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-17&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarney2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+a&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Carney&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jo+Eldridge&amp;amp;rft.au=Carney%2C+Jo+Eldridge&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-313-30574-9&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-18&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Allan-Olney (1870)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-19&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.204&amp;ndash;05)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-20&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCohen1984&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Cohen, H. F. (1984). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Springer. pp.&amp;nbsp;78&amp;ndash;84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Quantifying+Music%3A+The+Science+of+Music+at&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+H.+F.&amp;amp;rft.date=1984&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B78%E2%80%9384&amp;amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;amp;rft.isbn=90-277-1637-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-21&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFField2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Field, Judith Veronica (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Yale University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;317&amp;ndash;320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Piero+Della+Francesca%3A+A+Mathematician%27s+Art&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Veronica&amp;amp;rft.au=Field%2C+Judith+Veronica&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93320&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10342-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-22&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In Drake (1957, pp.237&amp;minus;238)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-23&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Wallace, (1984).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-24&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFeyerabend1993&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul (1993). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Against Method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (3rd ed.). London: Verso. p.&amp;nbsp;129. ISBN 0-86091-646-4.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Against+Method&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B129&amp;amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-86091-646-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-25&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.202&amp;ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.250&amp;ndash;52), Favaro (1898, 8:274&amp;ndash;75) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-26&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.202&amp;ndash;04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Hawking_galileo-27&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Hawking (1988, p.179).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-father_of_science_Einstein-28&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Einstein (1954, p.271). &amp;quot;Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics&amp;mdash;indeed, of modern science altogether.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-29&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1990, pp.133&amp;ndash;34).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-invisible-30&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, invisible to the naked eye.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jupiter.27s_moons-31&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.146).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-moonconclusion-32&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius&lt;/em&gt; (Favaro,1892, 3:81&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Latin)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-medicean_stars-33&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.17).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-34&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scepticism-35&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.158&amp;ndash;68), Sharratt (1994, p.18&amp;ndash;19).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-36&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;God's Philosophers&lt;/em&gt; ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-periods-37&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-38&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-39&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-40&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-03-11&quot;&gt;2007-03-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-41&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his &lt;em&gt;Astronomia Nova&lt;/em&gt; celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 &lt;em&gt;Epitome&lt;/em&gt; (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclop&amp;aelig;dia Britannica 1952 &lt;em&gt;Great Books of the Western World&lt;/em&gt; edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his &lt;em&gt;Commentaries on Mars&lt;/em&gt; Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-42&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-sunspot_argument-43&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191&amp;ndash;196) However, in Drake's judgment of this complex issue in Chapter 9 of his 1970 this is not so, for it does not refute non-geostatic geo-rotating geocentric models. For at most the variable annual inclinations of sunspots&amp;rsquo; monthly paths to the ecliptic only proved there must be some terrestrial motion, but not necessarily its annual heliocentric orbital motion as opposed to a geocentric daily rotation, and so it did not prove heliocentrism by refuting geocentrism. Thus it could be explained in the semi-Tychonic geocentric model with a daily rotating Earth such as that of Tycho's follower Longomontanus. Especially see p190 and p196 of Drake's article. Thus on this analysis it only refuted the Ptolemaic geostatic geocentric model whose required daily geocentric orbit of the sun would have predicted the annual variation in this inclination should be observed daily, which it is not.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scientific_manifesto-44&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii&amp;ndash;xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139&amp;ndash;140).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-disputatio-45&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Grassi (1960a).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-grassi_great_circle-46&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-discourse_on_comets-47&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galilei &amp;amp; Guiducci (1960).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-authorship_of_discourse-48&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.xvi).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-criticism_of_previous_theories-49&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Scheiner_insult-50&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei &amp;amp; Guiducci (1960, p.24).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-uncomplimentary_remark-51&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuits_offended-52&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-astronomical_balance-53&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Grassi (1960b).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-54&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-the_assayer-55&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galilei (1960).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-masterpiece_of_polemics-56&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-withering_scorn-57&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.138&amp;ndash;142).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-assayer_success-58&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.xix).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuit_alienation-59&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1960, p.vii).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-jesuits_responsible-60&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.175).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-evidence_of_jesuits-61&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, pp.175&amp;ndash;78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-62&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67&amp;ndash;9.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-63&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-64&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119&amp;ndash;133&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-65&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127&amp;ndash;131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432&amp;ndash;6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-66&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Einstein (1952) p. xvii&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-67&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-68&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKusukawa&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Kusukawa, Sachiko. &amp;quot;Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-03-10&quot;&gt;2007-03-10&lt;/span&gt;]&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Starry+Messenger.+The+Telescope%5D%2C+Department+of+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+of+the+University+of+Cambridge.+Retrieved+on+%5B%5B2007-03-10%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kusukawa&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Sachiko&amp;amp;rft.au=Kusukawa%2C+Sachiko&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fstarry%2Fgaltele.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-69&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the &lt;em&gt;Starry Messenger&lt;/em&gt;, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term &amp;quot;perspicillum.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-70&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;omni-optical.com &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;A Very Short History of the Telescope&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=omni-optical.com+%22%27%27A+Very+Short+History+of+the+Telescope%27%27%22&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omni-optical.com%2Ftelescope%2Fut104.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-telescope_microscope-71&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.163&amp;ndash;164), Favaro(1892, 3:163&amp;ndash;164)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Latin)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-microscope_perfection-72&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Zollern_microscope-73&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Cesi_microscope-74&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2003-08-01&quot;&gt;2003-08-01&lt;/span&gt;), &amp;copy; 1995&amp;ndash;2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-08-28&quot;&gt;2007-08-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-75&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;brunelleschi.imss.fi.it &amp;quot;Il microscopio di Galileo&amp;quot;&amp;quot; (PDF)&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it+%22Il+microscopio+di+Galileo%22&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fesplora%2Fmicroscopio%2Fdswmedia%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_completi.pdf&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-76&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;mw-formatted-date&quot; title=&quot;2007-08-28&quot;&gt;2007-08-28&lt;/span&gt;. See also Timeline of microscope technology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-microscope_use-77&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.286).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-78&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies &lt;em&gt;of the same material&lt;/em&gt; falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-79&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-80&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGroleau&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Groleau, Rick. &amp;quot;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Battle+for+the+Heavens.+July+2002&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Groleau&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;amp;rft.au=Groleau%2C+Rick&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fgalileo%2Fexperiments.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBall&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;Ball, Phil. &amp;quot;Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005&amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Science+history%3A+setting+the+record+straight.+30+June+2005&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;amp;rft.au=Ball%2C+Phil&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fseta%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005063000351500.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19&amp;ndash;21, 414&amp;ndash;416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-81&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Lucretius, &lt;em&gt;De rerum natura&lt;/em&gt; II, 225&amp;ndash;229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, &lt;em&gt;Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa&lt;/em&gt; (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-82&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Simon Stevin, &lt;em&gt;De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet&lt;/em&gt; [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., &lt;em&gt;The Principal Works of Simon Stevin&lt;/em&gt; (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets &amp;amp; Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&amp;amp;page=509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-83&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251&amp;ndash;54).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-84&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-85&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Clagett (1968, p.561).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-86&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-87&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Galileo Galilei, &lt;em&gt;Two New Sciences,&lt;/em&gt; (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-88&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; I. Bernard Cohen, &amp;quot;Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676),&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 31 (1940): 327&amp;ndash;379, see pp. 332&amp;ndash;333&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Bellarmine_quote-89&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171&amp;ndash;172) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-90&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; See Langford (1966, pp.133&amp;ndash;134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in &lt;em&gt;The Sleepwalkers&lt;/em&gt; (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says &amp;quot;this of course is untrue&amp;quot; (1959, p.483)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-91&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288&amp;ndash;293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. &amp;quot;Vehemently suspect of heresy&amp;quot; was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of &amp;quot;erroneous in faith&amp;quot; (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-92&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. See Galileo affair for further details.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-93&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase &amp;quot;Eppur si muove&amp;quot; does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolom&amp;eacute; Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-funeral-94&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-funeral_protests-95&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378&amp;ndash;80) &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-burial_spot-96&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-reburial_spot-97&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Shea &amp;amp; Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380&amp;ndash;384).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-incomplete_works-98&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.299).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-complete_works_1-99&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-complete_works_2-100&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.303&amp;ndash;04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the &lt;em&gt;Dialogue&lt;/em&gt; remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-ban_not_lifted-101&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-ban_lifted-102&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-103&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-104&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-105&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him &amp;quot;in support of&amp;quot; his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-self-doubt-106&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;^ &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Ratzinger (1994, p.98).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-scupper-107&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; Ratzinger (1994, p.98)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-108&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Vatican admits Galileo was right&amp;quot;. New Scientist. 1992-11-07&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2007-08-09&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+admits+Galileo+was+right&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=1992-11-07&amp;amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-109&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Papal visit scuppered by scholars&amp;quot;. BBC News. 2008-01-15&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-01-16&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Papal+visit+scuppered+by+scholars&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-01-15&amp;amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7188860.stm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-110&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo&amp;quot;. TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2009-03-02&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Vatican+recants+with+a+statue+of+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-03-04&amp;amp;rft.pub=TimesOnline+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3478943.ece&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-111&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; class=&quot;news&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Pope praises Galileo's astronomy&amp;quot;. BBC News. 2008-12-21&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-12-22&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Pope+praises+Galileo%27s+astronomy&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=2008-12-21&amp;amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7794668.stm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-112&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hydrostatic balance&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hydrostatic+balance&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Finstruments%2Fbalance.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-113&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Works of Galileo&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=10&amp;amp;exbpg=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D10%26exbpg%3D1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-114&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sunspots and Floating Bodies&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=13&amp;amp;exbpg=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Sunspots+and+Floating+Bodies&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D13%26exbpg%3D2&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-115&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina&lt;/em&gt;, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&amp;amp;exbid=14&amp;amp;exbpg=3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Letter+to+the+Grand+Duchess+Christina&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsci.ou.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fexhibit.php%3Fexbgrp%3D1%26exbid%3D14%26exbpg%3D3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-116&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo's Theory of the Tides&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Theory+of+the+Tides&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Fobservations%2Ftides.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-117&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo Timeline&lt;/em&gt;, The Galileo Project&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Timeline&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fchron%2Fgalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-118&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galileo Galilei&lt;/em&gt;, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved 2008-07-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.pub=Tel-Aviv+University%2C+Science+and+Technology+Education+Center&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.tau.ac.il%2Fmuseum%2Fgalileo%2Fgalileo.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-119&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; [1]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-120&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFischer2001&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Fischer, Daniel (2001). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span&gt;Galileo &lt;em&gt;Spacecraft&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Springer. pp.&amp;nbsp;v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Mission+Jupiter%3A+The+Spectacular+Journey+of+the+%27%27Galileo%27%27+Spacecraft&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Daniel&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bv&amp;amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-387-98764-9&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-121&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;^&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational.2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization2005&quot; class=&quot;web&quot;&gt;United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). &amp;quot;Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy&amp;quot; (PDF). UNESCO&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-10&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+2009+as+International+year+of+Astronomy&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;amp;rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&amp;amp;rft.date=11+August+2005&amp;amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001403%2F140317e.pdf&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Villa Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;References&quot; name=&quot;References&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;References&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; FONT-SIZE: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAllan-Olney1870&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Allan-Olney, Mary (1870). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot;&gt;The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Boston: Nichols and Noyes&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2008-06-09&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Galileo%3A+Compiled+primarily+from+his+correspondence+and+that+of+his+eldest+daughter%2C+Sister+Maria+Celeste&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Allan-Olney&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;amp;rft.au=Allan-Olney%2C+Mary&amp;amp;rft.date=1870&amp;amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;amp;rft.pub=Nichols+and+Noyes&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Biagioli-1993&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Biagioli, Mario (1993). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Courtier%3A+The+Practice+of+Science+in+the+Culture+of+Absolutism&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Biagioli&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Biagioli%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Blackwell-2006&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Blackwell, Richard J. (2006). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268022011&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-268-02201-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2006&amp;amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-268-02201-1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Brodrick-1965&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Brodrick, James, S. J. (1965) [c1964]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: the man, his work, his misfortunes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: G. Chapman.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+the+man%2C+his+work%2C+his+misfortunes&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Brodrick%2C+James%2C+S.+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=1965&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=G.+Chapman&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Clagett-1968&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Clagett, Marshall (editor &amp;amp; translator) (1968). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048802&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-04880-2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Nicole+Oresme+and+the+Medieval+Geometry+of+Qualities+and+Motions%3B+a+treatise+on+the+uniformity+and+difformity+of+intensities+known+as+Tractatus+de+configurationibus+qualitatum+et+motuum&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Clagett&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Clagett%2C+Marshall+%28editor+%26+translator%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1968&amp;amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-299-04880-2&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Clavelin, Maurice &lt;em&gt;The Natural Philosophy of Galileo&lt;/em&gt; MIT Press 1974&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Coffa,J &lt;em&gt;Galileo's Concept of Inertia&lt;/em&gt; Physis 1968&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta (1994) &lt;em&gt;Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science&lt;/em&gt;. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0139641319&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-13-964131-9&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Cooper-1935&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cooper, Lane (1935). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406752630&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-4067-5263-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Galileo%2C+and+the+Tower+of+Pisa&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Lane&amp;amp;rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lane&amp;amp;rft.date=1935&amp;amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-4067-5263-0&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Coyne-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.340&amp;ndash;359)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Most+Recent+Attempt+to+Dispel+the+Galileo+Myth&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+George+V.%2C+S.J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drabkin, Israel &amp;amp; Drake, Stillman (Eds &amp;amp; translators) &lt;em&gt;On Motion and On Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; University of Wisconsin Press 1960 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299020304&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-02030-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1953&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (translator) (1953). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman+%28translator%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1953&amp;amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1957&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1957). &lt;em&gt;Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Doubleday &amp;amp; Company. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385092393&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-385-09239-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1960). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of 1618&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.vii&amp;ndash;xxv)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1970&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1970). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082833&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-472-08283-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Studies&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1970&amp;amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-472-08283-3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1973). &amp;quot;Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Scientific American&lt;/em&gt; v. 228, #5, pp.&amp;nbsp;84&amp;ndash;92.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1978&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1978). &lt;em&gt;Galileo At Work&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226162265&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-226-16226-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake-1990&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman (1990). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: Pioneer Scientist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802027253&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8020-2725-3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+Pioneer+Scientist&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Stillman&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman&amp;amp;rft.date=1990&amp;amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-8020-2725-3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Drake, Stillman, and O'Malley, C.D. (translators) (1960). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Controversy on the Comets of 1618&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Controversy+on+the+Comets+of+1618&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;amp;rft.au=Drake%2C+Stillman%2C+and+O%27Malley%2C+C.D.+%28translators%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Dugas,Ren&amp;eacute; &lt;em&gt;A History of Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; 1955, Dover Publications 1988&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci&lt;/em&gt; 1906-13&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;Le Systeme du Monde&lt;/em&gt; 1913 -&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Duhem, Pierre &lt;em&gt;History of Physics&lt;/em&gt; Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Einstein, Albert (1952). Foreword to (Drake, 1953)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Einstein-1954&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Albert Einstein&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Albert_Einstein&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Einstein, Albert&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1954). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ideas and Opinions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by Sonja Bargmann. London: Crown Publishers. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0285647245&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-285-64724-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.date=1954&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-285-64724-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fantoli, Annibale (2003). &lt;em&gt;Galileo&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; For Copernicanism and the Church&lt;/em&gt;, third English edition. Vatican Observatory Publications. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820974274&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 88-209-7427-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Fantoli-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fantoli, Annibale (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.117&amp;ndash;149)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fantoli&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Annibale&amp;amp;rft.au=Fantoli%2C+Annibale&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Favaro-1890&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Favaro, Antonio (1890&amp;ndash;1909), ed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.domusgalilaeana.it/Exhibition/Protagonist/Favaro.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO&quot;&gt;Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: #555; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold&quot; class=&quot;languageicon&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;(Italian)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. (&lt;em&gt;The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition&lt;/em&gt;, 20 vols.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Florence&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Florence&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Florence&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;: Barbera, 1890&amp;ndash;1909; reprinted 1929&amp;ndash;1939 and 1964&amp;ndash;1966. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/8809208811&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 88-09-20881-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; Searchable online copy from the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Institute and Museum of the History of Science&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Florence. Brief overview of &lt;em&gt;Le Opere&lt;/em&gt; @ Finns Fine Books, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; and here &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul &lt;em&gt;Againat Method&lt;/em&gt; Verso 1975&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Feyerabend-1995&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Paul Feyerabend&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Feyerabend, Paul&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1995). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226245314&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-226-24531-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Killing+Time%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Paul+Feyerabend&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=1995&amp;amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+MI&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-226-24531-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Fillmore, Charles (1931, 17th printing July 2004). &lt;em&gt;Metaphysical Bible Dictionary&lt;/em&gt;. Unity Village, Missouri: Unity House. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871590670&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-87159-067-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Finocchiaro-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520066626&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-520-06662-6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-520-06662-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFinocchiaro&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (Fall 2007), &amp;quot;Book Review&amp;mdash;The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History&amp;quot;, &lt;em&gt;The Historian&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;69&lt;/strong&gt; (3): 601&amp;ndash;602, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;:&lt;span class=&quot;neverexpand&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Book+Review%E2%80%94The+Person+of+the+Millennium%3A+The+Unique+Impact+of+Galileo+on+World+History&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historian&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Finocchiaro%2C+Maurice+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=Fall+2007&amp;amp;rft.volume=69&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.pages=601%E2%80%93602&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00189_68.x&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Galileo-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo (1960) [1623]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Assayer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.151&amp;ndash;336)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Assayer&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Galileo-1954&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo [1638, 1914] (1954), Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, translators, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;amp;Itemid=99999999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&amp;amp;Itemid=99999999&quot;&gt;Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 486-60099-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Two New Sciences&lt;/em&gt; (Translation by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; of Galileo's 1638 &lt;em&gt;Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences&lt;/em&gt;) University of Wisconsin Press 1974 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/029906400X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-299-06400-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Galileo.26Guiducci-1960&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Galilei, Galileo, and Guiducci, Mario (1960) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Discourse on the Comets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.21&amp;ndash;65)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+on+the+Comets&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Galilei%2C+Galileo%2C+and+Guiducci%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=1960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Gebler-1879&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Gebler, Karl von (1879). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: C.K. Paul &amp;amp; Co.&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;. &lt;a class=&quot;external free&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02415342&amp;amp;id=FheRZAirWvQC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei+and+the+Roman+Curia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Gebler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+von&amp;amp;rft.au=Gebler%2C+Karl+von&amp;amp;rft.date=1879&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=C.K.+Paul+%26+Co.&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DOCLC02415342%26id%3DFheRZAirWvQC&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), &lt;em&gt;Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science&lt;/em&gt;, translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stillman Drake&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stillman_Drake&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Stillman Drake&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, McGraw-Hill&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grant, Edward &lt;em&gt;Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics&lt;/em&gt; Centaurus, 11, 1965-7&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Grassi-1960a&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi, Horatio (1960a) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;On the Three Comets of the Year MDCXIII&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.3&amp;ndash;19)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Three+Comets+of+the+Year+MDCXIII&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.date=1960a&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Grassi-1960b&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grassi, Horatio (1960b) [1619]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated by C.D. O'Malley. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Drake.26O.27Malley-1960&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Drake &amp;amp; O'Malley (1960, pp.67&amp;ndash;132)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+and+Philosophical+Balance&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Horatio&amp;amp;rft.date=1960b&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Grisar, Hartmann, S.J., Professor of Church history at the University of Innsbruck (1882). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0790562294&amp;amp;id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Historisch theologische Untersuchungen &amp;uuml;ber die Urtheile R&amp;ouml;mischen Congegationen im Galileiprocess (Historico-theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Regensburg: Pustet.&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Google Books&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Google_Books&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Google Books&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0790562294&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-7905-6229-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://isbndb.com/d/book/galileistudien.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;(LCC# QB36&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; &lt;em&gt;microfiche&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;amp;pgis=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=aqMBAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;q=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;dq=%22hartmann+grisar%22+%22Historisch+theologische%22&amp;amp;ei=GOsIR_m6K4yKpwKygp3BDg&amp;amp;pgis=1&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Reviewed here (1883), pp.211&amp;ndash;213&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hall, A. R. &lt;em&gt;From Galileo to Newton&lt;/em&gt; 1963&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hall, A. R. &lt;em&gt;Galileo and the Science of Motion&lt;/em&gt; in 'British Journal of History of Science', 2 1964-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hoskin, Michael (Ed) &lt;em&gt;The Cambridge concise history of astronomy&lt;/em&gt; CUP 1999&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Hawking-1988&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Stephen Hawking&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Stephen_Hawking&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hawking, Stephen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1988). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;A Brief History of Time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. New York, NY: Bantam Books. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553346148&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-553-34614-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-553-34614-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Heilbron-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Heilbron, John L. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.279&amp;ndash;322)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Censorship+of+Astronomy+in+Italy+after+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Heilbron%2C+John+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Hellman, Hal (1988). &lt;em&gt;Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Wiley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-jarrel-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Jarrel, Richard A. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.22&amp;ndash;32)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+contemporaries+of+Tycho+Brahe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Jarrel&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Jarrel%2C+Richard+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Kelter-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kelter, Irving A. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.38&amp;ndash;53)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Refusal+to+Accommodate.+Jesuit+Exegetes+and+the+Copernican+System&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Kelter%2C+Irving+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Humphreys, W. C. &lt;em&gt;Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares&lt;/em&gt; 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Koestler-1990&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Arthur Koestler&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Arthur_Koestler&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koestler, Arthur&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1990) [1959]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;The Sleepwalkers&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers&quot;&gt;The Sleepwalkers&lt;/a&gt;: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Penguin. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140192468&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-14-019246-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Sleepwalkers%5D%5D%3A+A+History+of+Man%27s+Changing+Vision+of+the+Universe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.au=%5B%5BArthur+Koestler%7CKoestler%2C+Arthur%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=1990&amp;amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-14-019246-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Koyr&amp;eacute;&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Koyr%C3%A9&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koyr&amp;eacute;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;, Alexandre &lt;em&gt;A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton&lt;/em&gt; Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Koyr&amp;eacute;, Alexandre &lt;em&gt;Galilean Studies&lt;/em&gt; Harvester Press 1978&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kuhn, T. &lt;em&gt;The Copernican Revolution&lt;/em&gt; 1957&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Kuhn, T. &lt;em&gt;The Structure of Scientific Revolutions&lt;/em&gt; 1962&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Lattis, James M. (1994). &lt;em&gt;Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology&lt;/em&gt;, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Langford-1998&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) [1966]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, Science and the Church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318256&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-890318-25-6&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+Science+and+the+Church&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;amp;rft.au=Langford%2C+Jerome+K.%2C+O.P.&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.edition=third&amp;amp;rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-890318-25-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Lessl, Thomas, &amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The Galileo Legend&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;New Oxford Review&lt;/em&gt;, 27&amp;ndash;33 (June 2000).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Linton-2004&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Linton, Christopher M. (2004). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;From Eudoxus to Einstein&amp;mdash;A History of Mathematical Astronomy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827508&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=From+Eudoxus+to+Einstein%E2%80%94A+History+of+Mathematical+Astronomy&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;amp;rft.au=Linton%2C+Christopher+M.&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82750-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Losee, J. &lt;em&gt;Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia&lt;/em&gt; American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&amp;nbsp;430-2 1966&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-McMullin-2005&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church and Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268034834&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-268-03483-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church+and+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C+ed.&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-268-03483-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-McMullin-2005a&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin, Ernan, (2005a). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-McMullin-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;McMullin (2005, pp.150&amp;ndash;190)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Church%27s+Ban+on+Copernicanism%2C+1616&amp;amp;rft.aulast=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;amp;rft.au=McMullin%2C+Ernan%2C&amp;amp;rft.date=2005a&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Mach, Ernst. &lt;em&gt;The Science of Mechanics&lt;/em&gt; 1893&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Machamer, Peter (Ed) &lt;em&gt;The Cambridge Companion to Galileo&lt;/em&gt; Cambridge University Press 1998&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &amp;quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 81: 695&amp;ndash;707&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Newall, Paul (2004). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Galileo Affair&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Remmert, Volker R. (2005). &lt;em&gt;Galileo, God, and Mathematics&lt;/em&gt;. In: Bergmans, Luc/Koetsier, Teun (eds.): &lt;em&gt;Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study&lt;/em&gt;, Amsterdam et al., 347&amp;ndash;360&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Ratzinger-1994&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Pope Benedict XVI&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; (1994). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World&amp;mdash;Assessment and Forecast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898704618&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-89870-461-8&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;Online Computer Library Center&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://worldcat.org/oclc/60292876&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;60292876&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Turning+point+for+Europe%3F+The+Church+in+the+Modern+World%E2%80%94Assessment+and+Forecast&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;amp;rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&amp;amp;rft.date=1994&amp;amp;rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/60292876&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-89870-461-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReston2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Reston, James (2000). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo: A Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Beard Books. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/189312262X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-893122-62-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%3A+A+Life&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Reston&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;amp;rft.au=Reston%2C+James&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.pub=Beard+Books&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-893122-62-X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Seeger-1966&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo Galilei, his life and his works&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Oxford: Pergamon Press.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei%2C+his+life+and+his+works&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Raymond+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=1966&amp;amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Settle-1961&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Settle, Thomas B. (1961). &amp;quot;An Experiment in the History of Science.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;, 133:19&amp;ndash;23&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;Reference-Sharratt-1994&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Sharratt, Michael (1994), &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Decisive Innovator.&lt;/em&gt; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566711&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-521-56671-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Shapere, Dudley &lt;em&gt;Galileo, a Philosophical Study&lt;/em&gt; University of Chicago Press 1974&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Shea.26Artigas-2003&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Shea, William R. and Artigas, Mario (2003). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165985&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-19-516598-5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+in+Rome%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Troublesome+Genius&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.au=Shea%2C+William+R.+and+Artigas%2C+Mario&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-19-516598-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Sobel-2000&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Sobel, Dava (2000) [1999]. &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo's Daughter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. London: Fourth Estate. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857027124&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 1-85702-712-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Daughter&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;amp;rft.au=Sobel%2C+Dava&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-85702-712-4&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton, Ren&amp;eacute;; Wilson, Curtis, eds (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242541&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-521-24254-1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+rise+of+astrophysics+Part+A%3A+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-521-24254-1&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Thoren-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Thoren, Victor E. (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tycho Brahe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.3-21)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Tycho+Brahe&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Thoren&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+E.&amp;amp;rft.au=Thoren%2C+Victor+E.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Vanhelden-1989&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Van Helden, Albert (1989). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Reference-Taton.26Wilson-1989&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Taton and Wilson (1989, pp.81-105)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo%2C+telescopic+astronomy%2C+and+the+Copernican+system&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;amp;rft.au=Van+Helden%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wallace, William A. (1984) &lt;em&gt;Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,&lt;/em&gt; (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/069108355X&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-691-08355-X&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;Reference-Wallace-2004&quot; class=&quot;book&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wallace, William A. (2004). &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860789640&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-86078-964-0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=William+A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-86078-964-0&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;White, Andrew Dickson (1898). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;. New York 1898.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;White, Michael. (2007). &lt;em&gt;Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography.&lt;/em&gt; Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson:London, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297848684&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-297-84868-4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Wisan, Winifred Lovell (1984). &amp;quot;Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Isis&lt;/em&gt;, 75: 269&amp;ndash;286.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Zik Yaakov, &amp;quot;Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century,&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Perspectives on Science&lt;/em&gt; 2001, Vol. 9, 3, 259&amp;ndash;284.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;External_links&quot; name=&quot;External_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imss.fi.it/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;History of Science Museum - Florence&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Portraits of Galileo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://asv.vatican.va/en/stud/download/CAV_21.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Original documents on the trial of Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a title=&quot;Vatican Secret Archives&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Vatican Secret Archives&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20071209222631/http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Issues/GalileoAffair.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo Affair catholic.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://galileo.rice.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://galileo.rice.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;The Galileo Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a title=&quot;Rice University&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rice_University&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rice University&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;PBS Nova Online: &lt;em&gt;Galileo's Battle for the Heavens&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.galilean-library.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;The Galilean Library&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, educational site.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.catholicleague.org/research/galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo and the Catholic Church&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; article at Catholic League&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956139/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a title=&quot;Internet Movie Database&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Internet Movie Database&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-3254&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Works by or about Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in libraries (&lt;a title=&quot;WorldCat&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/WorldCat&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;WorldCat&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; catalog)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galileo's 1590 &lt;em&gt;De Motu&lt;/em&gt; translation &lt;a class=&quot;external autonumber&quot; title=&quot;http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Works by Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: text with concordances and frequencies.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;CCD Images through a Galilean Telescope&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Modern recreation of what Galileo might have seen&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galilei, Galileo. &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 1610 Rome. From &lt;a title=&quot;Rare Book Room&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rare_Book_Room&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rare Book Room&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Scanned first edition.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Galilei, Galileo. &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 1613 Rome. From &lt;a title=&quot;Rare Book Room&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Rare_Book_Room&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Rare Book Room&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Scanned first edition.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;FONT-STYLE: normal&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;John J. O'Connor (mathematician)&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;O'Connor, John J.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a title=&quot;Edmund F. Robertson&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Robertson, Edmund F.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;quot;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Galileo Galilei&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a title=&quot;MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;MacTutor History of Mathematics archive&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Galileo+Galilei&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&amp;amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Galileo_Galilei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;DISPLAY: none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Linda Hall Library features a &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;first edition of &lt;em&gt;Sidereus Nuncius Magna&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as well as a &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;pirated edition from the same year&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, both fully digitized.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;amp;feature=related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk&amp;amp;feature=related&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000080&quot;&gt;Feather &amp;amp; Hammer Drop on Moon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Tiger_Genome&diff=4675 Tiger Genome 2013-08-26T13:22:33Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;openfree TigerGenome Project&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;- Tiger genome was sequenced in early 2011.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [http://tigergenome.org TigerGenome.org]&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Close_but_distinct_species_genomics&diff=4674 Close but distinct species genomics 2013-08-26T12:57:03Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Close but distinct species genomics (CSG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;CSG used used to analyse close big cat g...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Close but distinct species genomics (CSG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;CSG used used to analyse close big cat genomes using a reference genome and re-sequenced genomes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Genome Research Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=RNA&diff=4673 RNA 2013-08-25T01:56:52Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;div&gt;Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. T...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Together with DNA, RNA comprises the nucleic acids, which, along with proteins, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated using the letters G, A, U, and C for the nucleotides guanine, adenine, uracil and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins, while many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a &amp;nbsp;universal function whereby mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) links amino acids together to form proteins.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Comparison with DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Three-dimensional representation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. RNA is in ochre, protein in blue. The active site is in the middle (red).&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA, but differs in three main ways:&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA is a single-stranded molecule in many of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. However, RNA can, by complementary base pairing, form intrastrand double helixes, as in tRNA.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose (in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position). These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The complementary base to adenine is not thymine, as it is in DNA, but rather uracil, which is an unmethylated form of thymine.[1]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold[2] and pair with itself to form double helices. Analysis of these RNAs has revealed that they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins.&amp;crarr;In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis, like enzymes.[3] For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome&amp;mdash;an enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation&amp;mdash;revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.[4]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Structure&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Watson-Crick base pairs in a siRNA (hydrogen atoms are not shown)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in general, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Adenine and guanine are purines, cytosine, and uracil are pyrimidines. A phosphate group is attached to the 3' position of one ribose and the 5' position of the next. The phosphate groups have a negative charge each at physiological pH, making RNA a charged molecule (polyanion). The bases may form hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine, between adenine and uracil and between guanine and uracil.[5] However, other interactions are possible, such as a group of adenine bases binding to each other in a bulge,[6]&amp;crarr;or the GNRA tetraloop that has a guanine&amp;ndash;adenine base-pair.[5]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Chemical structure of RNA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;An important structural feature of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of the ribose sugar. The presence of this functional group causes the helix to adopt the A-form geometry rather than the B-form most commonly observed in DNA.[7] This results in a very deep and narrow major groove and a shallow and wide minor groove.[8] A second consequence of the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an RNA molecule (that is, not involved in formation of a double helix), it can chemically attack the adjacent phosphodiester bond to cleave the backbone.[9]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Secondary structure of a telomerase RNA.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RNA is transcribed with only four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil),[10] but these bases and attached sugars can be modified in numerous ways as the RNAs mature. Pseudouridine (&amp;Psi;), in which the linkage between uracil and ribose is changed from a C&amp;ndash;N bond to a C&amp;ndash;C bond, and ribothymidine (T) are found in various places (the most notable ones being in the T&amp;Psi;C loop of tRNA).[11] Another notable modified base is hypoxanthine, a deaminated adenine base whose nucleoside is called inosine (I). Inosine plays a key role in the wobble hypothesis of the genetic code.[12]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;There are more than 100 other naturally occurring modified nucleosides,[13] The greatest structural diversity of modifications can be found in tRNA,[14] while pseudouridine and nucleosides with 2'-O-methylribose often present in rRNA are the most common.[15] The specific roles of many of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However, it is notable that, in ribosomal RNA, many of the post-transcriptional modifications occur in highly functional regions, such as the peptidyl transferase center and the subunit interface, implying that they are important for normal function.[16]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The functional form of single-stranded RNA molecules, just like proteins, frequently requires a specific tertiary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided by secondary structural elements that are hydrogen bonds within the molecule. This leads to several recognizable &amp;quot;domains&amp;quot; of secondary structure like hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops.[17] Since RNA is charged, metal ions such as Mg2+ are needed to stabilise many secondary and tertiary structures.[18]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Synthesis&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme&amp;mdash;RNA polymerase&amp;mdash;using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found &amp;quot;upstream&amp;quot; of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along the template strand in the 3&amp;rsquo; to 5&amp;rsquo; direction, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5&amp;rsquo; to 3&amp;rsquo; direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA synthesis will occur.[19]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA and introns are removed by the spliceosome.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For instance, a number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material.[20] Also, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is part of the RNA interference pathway in many organisms.[21]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Types of RNA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;See also: List of RNAs&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Overview&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Structure of a hammerhead ribozyme, a ribozyme that cuts RNA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced.[22] Many RNAs do not code for protein however (about 97% of the transcriptional output is non-protein-coding in eukaryotes [23][24][25][26]).&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;These so-called non-coding RNAs (&amp;quot;ncRNA&amp;quot;) can be encoded by their own genes (RNA genes), but can also derive from mRNA introns.[27] The most prominent examples of non-coding RNAs are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation.[1] There are also non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, RNA processing and other roles. Certain RNAs are able to catalyse chemical reactions such as cutting and ligating other RNA molecules,[28] and the catalysis of peptide bond formation in the ribosome;[4] these are known as ribozymes.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In translation&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell. It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid. In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA. This removes its introns&amp;mdash;non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA. In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases.[22]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding.[27]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[22] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is found in many bacteria and plastids. It tags proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop codons for degradation and prevents the ribosome from stalling.[29]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Regulatory RNAs&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA. MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.[30][31]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.[32][33] siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs. Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.[34][35][36] Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.[37][38]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.[39] Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.[40] One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.[41] There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes,[42] one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.[43]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.[44] The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes.[45]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In RNA processing&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Uridine to pseudouridine is a common RNA modification.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs.&amp;crarr;Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA),[1] or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.[46]&amp;crarr;RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U.&amp;crarr;In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60-300 nt),[27] found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies. snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA. These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification. rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.[47][48] RNA can also be methylated.[49][50]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RNA genomes&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins. The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell. Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase.[51]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In reverse transcription&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Reverse transcribing viruses replicate their genomes by reverse transcribing DNA copies from their RNA; these DNA copies are then transcribed to new RNA. Retrotransposons also spread by copying DNA and RNA from one another,[52] and telomerase contains an RNA that is used as template for building the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.[53]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Double-stranded RNA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells. dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses). Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.[54][55][56][57]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Key discoveries in RNA biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Further information: History of RNA biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Robert W. Holley, left, poses with his research team.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Research on RNA has led to many important biological discoveries and numerous Nobel Prizes. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher, who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus.[58] It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids. The role of RNA in protein synthesis was suspected already in 1939.[59] Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Arthur Kornberg) after he discovered an enzyme that can synthesize RNA in the laboratory.[60] However, the enzyme discovered by Ochoa (polynucleotide phosphorylase) was later shown to be responsible for RNA degradation, not RNA synthesis.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast tRNA was found by Robert W. Holley in 1965,[61] winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg).&amp;crarr;In 1967, Carl Woese hypothesized that RNA might be catalytic and suggested that the earliest forms of life (self-replicating molecules) could have relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and to catalyze biochemical reactions&amp;mdash;an RNA world.[62][63]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;During the early 1970s retroviruses and reverse transcriptase were discovered, showing for the first time that enzymes could copy RNA into DNA (the opposite of the usual route for transmission of genetic information). For this work, David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1975.&amp;crarr;In 1976, Walter Fiers and his team determined the first complete nucleotide sequence of an RNA virus genome, that of bacteriophage MS2.[64]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In 1977, introns and RNA splicing were discovered in both mammalian viruses and in cellular genes, resulting in a 1993 Nobel to Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts.&amp;crarr;Catalytic RNA molecules (ribozymes) were discovered in the early 1980s, leading to a 1989 Nobel award to Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman. In 1990 it was found in Petunia that introduced genes can silence similar genes of the plant's own, now known to be a result of RNA interference.[65][66]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;At about the same time, 22 nt long RNAs, now called microRNAs, were found to have a role in the development of C. elegans.[67]&amp;crarr;Studies on RNA interference gleaned a Nobel Prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 2006, and another Nobel was awarded for studies on transcription of RNA to Roger Kornberg in the same year. The discovery of gene regulatory RNAs has led to attempts to develop drugs made of RNA, such as siRNA, to silence genes.[68]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;References&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; 1.0 1.1 1.2 Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). WH Freeman and Company. pp. 118&amp;ndash;19, 781&amp;ndash;808. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0. 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PMID 17045686.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RNA World website Link collection (structures, sequences, tools, journals)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nucleic Acid Database Images of DNA, RNA and complexes.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;EteRNA a game forming RNA by pairing bases.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RNA Calculators&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=DNA&diff=4672 DNA 2013-08-25T01:53:18Z <p>S: Created page with &quot;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Deoxyribonucleic acid&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;b&gt;DNA&lt;/b&gt;) is...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Deoxyribonucleic acid&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;b&gt;DNA&lt;/b&gt;) is a molecule that encodes the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics&quot; title=&quot;Genetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism&quot; title=&quot;Organism&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;organisms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and many&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus&quot; title=&quot;Virus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;viruses&lt;/a&gt;. Along with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA&quot; title=&quot;RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins&quot; title=&quot;Proteins&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;proteins&lt;/a&gt;, DNA is one of the three major&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecules&quot; title=&quot;Macromolecules&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;macromolecules&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;essential for all known forms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life&quot; title=&quot;Life&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;life&lt;/a&gt;. Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer&quot; title=&quot;Biopolymer&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;biopolymers&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of simpler units called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide&quot; title=&quot;Nucleotide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleotides&lt;/a&gt;&amp;mdash;each nucleotide is composed of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase&quot; title=&quot;Nucleobase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleobase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine&quot; title=&quot;Guanine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;guanine&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine&quot; title=&quot;Adenine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;adenine&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine&quot; title=&quot;Thymine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;thymine&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine&quot; title=&quot;Cytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cytosine&lt;/a&gt;), recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C, as well as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_chain&quot; title=&quot;Backbone chain&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;backbone&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;made of alternating&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide&quot; title=&quot;Monosaccharide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;sugars&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose&quot; title=&quot;Deoxyribose&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;deoxyribose&lt;/a&gt;) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate&quot; title=&quot;Phosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;groups (related to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid&quot; title=&quot;Phosphoric acid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphoric acid&lt;/a&gt;), with the nucleobases (G, A, T, C) attached to the sugars. DNA is well-suited for biological information storage, since the DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage and the double-stranded structure provides the molecule with a built-in duplicate of the encoded information.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)&quot; title=&quot;Antiparallel (biochemistry)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;anti-parallel&lt;/a&gt;, one backbone being 3&amp;prime; (three prime) and the other 5&amp;prime; (five prime). This refers to the direction the 3rd and 5th carbon on the sugar molecule is facing. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;bases&lt;/i&gt;). It is the&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid sequence&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;sequence&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes genetic information. This information is read using the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code&quot; title=&quot;Genetic code&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic code&lt;/a&gt;, which specifies the sequence of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid&quot; title=&quot;Amino acid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;amino acids&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleic acid&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;RNA in a process called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Transcription (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transcription&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosomes&lt;/a&gt;. During&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division&quot; title=&quot;Cell division&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cell division&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication&quot; title=&quot;DNA replication&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA replication&lt;/a&gt;, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote&quot; title=&quot;Eukaryote&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Eukaryotic organisms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal&quot; title=&quot;Animal&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant&quot; title=&quot;Plant&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;plants&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus&quot; title=&quot;Fungus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;fungi&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist&quot; title=&quot;Protist&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;protists&lt;/a&gt;) store most of their DNA inside the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus&quot; title=&quot;Cell nucleus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cell nucleus&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and some of their DNA in&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle&quot; title=&quot;Organelle&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;organelles&lt;/a&gt;, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria&quot; title=&quot;Mitochondria&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mitochondria&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts&quot; title=&quot;Chloroplasts&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chloroplasts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In contrast,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote&quot; title=&quot;Prokaryote&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;prokaryotes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria&quot; title=&quot;Bacteria&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea&quot; title=&quot;Archaea&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;archaea&lt;/a&gt;) store their DNA only in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm&quot; title=&quot;Cytoplasm&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cytoplasm&lt;/a&gt;. Within the chromosomes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromatin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;proteins such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone&quot; title=&quot;Histone&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;histones&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The obsolete synonym &amp;quot;&lt;b&gt;desoxyribonucleic acid&lt;/b&gt;&amp;quot; may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;toc&quot; class=&quot;toc tochidden&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; display: inline-block; zoom: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;toctitle&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;toctoggle&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; id=&quot;togglelink&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Properties&quot;&gt;Properties&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/300px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;350&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/450px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/600px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> Chemical structure of DNA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond&quot; title=&quot;Hydrogen bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Hydrogen bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;shown as dotted lines.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA is a long&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer&quot; title=&quot;Polymer&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;polymer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;made from repeating units called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide&quot; title=&quot;Nucleotide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleotides&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Alberts_3-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Alberts-3&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Butler_4-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Butler-4&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA was first identified and isolated by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher&quot; title=&quot;Friedrich Miescher&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Friedrich Miescher&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the double helix structure of DNA was first discovered by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson&quot; title=&quot;James Watson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick&quot; title=&quot;Francis Crick&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Francis Crick&lt;/a&gt;. The structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&quot; title=&quot;&amp;Aring;ngstr&amp;ouml;m&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;aring;ngstr&amp;ouml;ms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(3.4&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre&quot; title=&quot;Nanometre&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nanometres&lt;/a&gt;) and a radius of 10&amp;nbsp;&amp;aring;ngstr&amp;ouml;ms (1.0&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre&quot; title=&quot;Nanometre&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nanometres&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;According to another study, when measured in a particular solution, the DNA chain measured 22 to 26&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&quot; title=&quot;&amp;Aring;ngstr&amp;ouml;m&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;aring;ngstr&amp;ouml;ms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;wide (2.2 to 2.6&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre&quot; title=&quot;Nanometre&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nanometres&lt;/a&gt;), and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3&amp;nbsp;&amp;Aring; (0.33&amp;nbsp;nm) long.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosome&lt;/a&gt;, chromosome&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome 1 (human)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;number 1&lt;/a&gt;, consists of approximately 220 million&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair&quot; title=&quot;Base pair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;base pairs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-7&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and is 85&amp;nbsp;mm long.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In living organisms DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-autogenerated2-8&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-berg_9-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_helix&quot; title=&quot;Double helix&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;double helix&lt;/a&gt;. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a nucleobase, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside&quot; title=&quot;Nucleoside&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleoside&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide&quot; title=&quot;Nucleotide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleotide&lt;/a&gt;. A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides (as in DNA) is called a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide&quot; title=&quot;Polynucleotide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;polynucleotide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-IUPAC_10-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-IUPAC-10&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate&quot; title=&quot;Phosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate&quot; title=&quot;Carbohydrate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;sugar&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;residues.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Ghosh_11-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Ghosh-11&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The sugar in DNA is&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose&quot; title=&quot;Deoxyribose&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;2-deoxyribose&lt;/a&gt;, which is a&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose&quot; title=&quot;Pentose&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;pentose&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(five-&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon&quot; title=&quot;Carbon&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;carbon&lt;/a&gt;) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond&quot; title=&quot;Phosphodiester bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphodiester bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;between the third and fifth carbon&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom&quot; title=&quot;Atom&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;atoms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond&quot; title=&quot;Covalent bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are&lt;i&gt;antiparallel&lt;/i&gt;. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)&quot; title=&quot;Directionality (molecular biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;5&amp;prime;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;five prime&lt;/i&gt;) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)&quot; title=&quot;Directionality (molecular biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;3&amp;prime;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;three prime&lt;/i&gt;) ends, with the 5&amp;prime; end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3&amp;prime; end a terminal hydroxyl group. One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2-deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose&quot; title=&quot;Ribose&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ribose&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in RNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-berg_9-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png/170px-DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;316&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> A section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-12&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-12&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif&quot; title=&quot;File:DNA orbit animated.gif&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;animated version&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond&quot; title=&quot;Hydrogen bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydrogen bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;between nucleotides and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_(chemistry)&quot; title=&quot;Stacking (chemistry)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;base-stacking&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;interactions among&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic&quot; title=&quot;Aromatic&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;aromatic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;nucleobases.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_13-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-13&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond&quot; title=&quot;Pi bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;pi; bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell&quot; title=&quot;Solvation shell&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;solvation shell&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and therefore, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy&quot; title=&quot;Gibbs free energy&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Gibbs free energy&lt;/a&gt;. The four bases found in DNA are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine&quot; title=&quot;Adenine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;adenine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(abbreviated A),&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine&quot; title=&quot;Cytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cytosine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(C),&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine&quot; title=&quot;Guanine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;guanine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(G) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine&quot; title=&quot;Thymine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;thymine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate&quot; title=&quot;Adenosine monophosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;adenosine monophosphate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Nucleobase_classification&quot;&gt;Nucleobase classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The nucleobases are classified into two types: the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine&quot; title=&quot;Purine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;purines&lt;/a&gt;, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound&quot; title=&quot;Heterocyclic compound&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;heterocyclic compounds&lt;/a&gt;, and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine&quot; title=&quot;Pyrimidine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;pyrimidines&lt;/a&gt;, the six-membered rings C and T.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-berg_9-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-berg-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil&quot; title=&quot;Uracil&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;uracil&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_group&quot; title=&quot;Methyl group&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;methyl group&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on its ring. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogues&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid analogues&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleic acid analogues&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;have also been created to study the properties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-14&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-14&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. However in a number of bacteriophages &amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Yersinia&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;bacteriophage piR1-37 &amp;ndash; thymine has been replaced by uracil.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Kiljunen2005_15-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Kiljunen2005-15&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_J&quot; title=&quot;Base J&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Base J&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil), a modified form of uracil, is also found in a number of organisms: the flagellates&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplonema_(protozoa)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;Diplonema (protozoa) (page does not exist)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Diplonema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena&quot; title=&quot;Euglena&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Euglena&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and all the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid&quot; title=&quot;Kinetoplastid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;kinetoplastid&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;genera&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Simpson1998_16-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Simpson1998-16&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps: in the first step a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine; in the second HOMedU is glycosylated to form J.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Borst2008_17-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Borst2008-17&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Cross1999_18-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Cross1999-18&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-DiPaolo2005_19-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-DiPaolo2005-19&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Vainio2009_20-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Vainio2009-20&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia&quot; title=&quot;Acute myeloid leukemia&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;acute myeloid leukemia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Iyer2009_21-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Iyer2009-21&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;J appears to act as a termination signal for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II&quot; title=&quot;RNA polymerase II&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA polymerase II&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-van_Luenen2012_22-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-van_Luenen2012-22&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Hazelbaker2012_23-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-23&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot; style=&quot;float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/220px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/330px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/440px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> Major and minor grooves of DNA. Minor groove is a binding site for the dye&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoechst_stain&quot; title=&quot;Hoechst stain&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Hoechst 33258&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Grooves&quot;&gt;Grooves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site&quot; title=&quot;Binding site&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;binding site&lt;/a&gt;. As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, the major groove, is 22&amp;nbsp;&amp;Aring; wide and the other, the minor groove, is 12&amp;nbsp;&amp;Aring; wide.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-24&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-24&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor&quot; title=&quot;Transcription factor&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transcription factors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Pabo1984-25&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(see below)&lt;/i&gt;, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Base_pairing&quot;&gt;Base pairing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair&quot; title=&quot;Base pair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Base pair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In a DNA double helix, each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand. This is called complementary&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair&quot; title=&quot;Base pair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;base pairing&lt;/a&gt;. Here, purines form&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond&quot; title=&quot;Hydrogen bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydrogen bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to pyrimidines, with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. As hydrogen bonds are not&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond&quot; title=&quot;Covalent bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;covalent&lt;/a&gt;, they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily. The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature&quot; title=&quot;Temperature&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;temperature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-26&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-26&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication. Indeed, this reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Alberts_3-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Alberts-3&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 230px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GC_DNA_base_pair.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;GC DNA base pair.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/282px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;282&quot; height=&quot;177&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/423px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GC_DNA_base_pair.svg/564px-GC_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 230px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AT_DNA_base_pair.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;AT DNA base pair.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/282px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;282&quot; height=&quot;151&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/423px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AT_DNA_base_pair.svg/564px-AT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;border: none; width: 282px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;Top, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;GC&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;base pair with three&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond&quot; title=&quot;Hydrogen bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydrogen bonds&lt;/a&gt;. Bottom, an&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;AT&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds, AT forming two hydrogen bonds, and GC forming three hydrogen bonds (see figures, right). DNA with high&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-content&quot; title=&quot;GC-content&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;GC-content&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is more stable than DNA with low GC-content.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;As noted above, most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands, bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds; this double stranded structure (&lt;b&gt;dsDNA&lt;/b&gt;) is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions, which are strongest for G,C stacks. The two strands can come apart&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; a process known as melting&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; to form two single-stranded DNA molecules (&lt;b&gt;ssDNA&lt;/b&gt;) molecules. Melting occurs at high temperature, low salt and high pH (low pH also melts DNA, but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH is rarely used).&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC-content (% G,C basepairs) but also on sequence (since stacking is sequence specific) and also length (longer molecules are more stable). The stability can be measured in various ways; a common way is the &amp;quot;melting temperature&amp;quot;, which is the temperature at which 50% of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA. As a result, it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA. Long DNA helices with a high GC-content have stronger-interacting strands, while short helices with high AT content have weaker-interacting strands.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-27&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-27&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In biology, parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily, such as the TATAAT&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribnow_box&quot; title=&quot;Pribnow box&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Pribnow box&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in some&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Promoter (biology)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;promoters&lt;/a&gt;, tend to have a high AT content, making the strands easier to pull apart.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-28&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-28&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In the laboratory, the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds, their&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_melting&quot; title=&quot;DNA melting&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;melting temperature&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(also called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;value). When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules. These&amp;nbsp;single-stranded DNA molecules (&lt;i&gt;ssDNA&lt;/i&gt;) have no single common shape, but some conformations are more stable than others.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-29&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-29&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Sense_and_antisense&quot;&gt;Sense and antisense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)&quot; title=&quot;Sense (molecular biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Sense (molecular biology)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;A DNA sequence is called &amp;quot;sense&amp;quot; if its sequence is the same as that of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA&quot; title=&quot;Messenger RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;messenger RNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;copy that is translated into protein.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-30&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-30&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The sequence on the opposite strand is called the &amp;quot;antisense&amp;quot; sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-31&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-31&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression&quot; title=&quot;Gene expression&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;gene expression&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;through RNA-RNA base pairing.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-32&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-32&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid&quot; title=&quot;Plasmid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;plasmids&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus&quot; title=&quot;Virus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;viruses&lt;/a&gt;, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping_gene&quot; title=&quot;Overlapping gene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;overlapping genes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-33&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-33&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria&quot; title=&quot;Bacteria&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/a&gt;, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-34&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-34&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-35&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-35&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Supercoiling&quot;&gt;Supercoiling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil&quot; title=&quot;DNA supercoil&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA supercoil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil&quot; title=&quot;DNA supercoil&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA supercoiling&lt;/a&gt;. With DNA in its &amp;quot;relaxed&amp;quot; state, a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs, but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-36&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-36&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix, this is positive supercoiling, and the bases are held more tightly together. If they are twisted in the opposite direction, this is negative supercoiling, and the bases come apart more easily. In nature, most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enzymes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase&quot; title=&quot;Topoisomerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;topoisomerases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Champoux_37-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Champoux-37&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Transcription (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transcription&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication&quot; title=&quot;DNA replication&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA replication&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Wang_38-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Wang-38&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/220px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/330px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/440px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Alternate_DNA_structures&quot;&gt;Alternate DNA structures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid&quot; title=&quot;Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Molecular models of DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Molecular models of DNA&lt;/a&gt;, and&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_structure&quot; title=&quot;DNA structure&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA structure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA exists in many possible&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism&quot; title=&quot;Conformational isomerism&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;conformations&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that include&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA&quot; title=&quot;A-DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;A-DNA&lt;/a&gt;, B-DNA, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA&quot; title=&quot;Z-DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Z-DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;forms, although, only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Ghosh_11-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Ghosh-11&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level, DNA sequence, the amount and direction of supercoiling, chemical modifications of the bases, the type and concentration of metal&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion&quot; title=&quot;Ion&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ions&lt;/a&gt;, as well as the presence of&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine&quot; title=&quot;Polyamine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;polyamines&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in solution.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-39&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-39&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The first published reports of A-DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques&quot; title=&quot;X-ray scattering techniques&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;X-ray diffraction patterns&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; and also B-DNA &amp;mdash; used analyses based on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_function&quot; title=&quot;Patterson function&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Patterson transforms&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-40&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-40&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatFranGos-41&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;An alternate analysis was then proposed by Wilkins&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, in 1953, for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;B-DNA X-ray diffraction/scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_function&quot; title=&quot;Bessel function&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bessel functions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-NatWilk_42-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatWilk-42&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the same journal,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson&quot; title=&quot;James Watson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick&quot; title=&quot;Francis Crick&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Francis Crick&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;presented their&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Molecular models of DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular modeling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double-helix.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Although the &amp;quot;B-DNA form&amp;quot; is most common under the conditions found in cells,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-43&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-43&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;it is not a well-defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-44&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-44&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells. Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrystalline&quot; title=&quot;Paracrystalline&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;paracrystals&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with a significant degree of disorder.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-45&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-45&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-46&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-46&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Compared to B-DNA, the A-DNA form is a wider right-handed spiral, with a shallow, wide minor groove and a narrower, deeper major groove. The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partially dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, as well as in enzyme-DNA complexes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-47&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-47&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-48&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-48&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation&quot; title=&quot;Methylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;methylation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA&quot; title=&quot;Z-DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Z form&lt;/a&gt;. Here, the strands turn about the helical axis in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed&quot; title=&quot;Left-handed&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;left-handed&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;spiral, the opposite of the more common B form.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-49&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-49&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z-DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-50&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-50&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Alternate_DNA_chemistry&quot;&gt;Alternate DNA chemistry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;For a number of years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_biosphere&quot; title=&quot;Shadow biosphere&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;shadow biosphere&lt;/a&gt;, a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life. One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Arsenic DNA&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA&lt;/a&gt;. A report in 2010 of the possibility in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium&quot; title=&quot;Bacterium&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;bacterium&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAJ-1&quot; title=&quot;GFAJ-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;GFAJ-1&lt;/a&gt;, was announced,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Space_52-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Space-52&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;though the research was disputed,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Space_52-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Space-52&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-53&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-53&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Nature_54-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nature-54&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Quadruplex_structures&quot;&gt;Quadruplex structures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex&quot; title=&quot;G-quadruplex&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;G-quadruplex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere&quot; title=&quot;Telomere&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;telomeres&lt;/a&gt;. The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase&quot; title=&quot;Telomerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;telomerase&lt;/a&gt;, as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA cannot copy the extreme 3&amp;prime; ends of chromosomes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Greider_55-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Greider-55&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends, and stop the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair&quot; title=&quot;DNA repair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA repair&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Nugent_56-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body&quot; title=&quot;List of distinct cell types in the adult human body&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;human cells&lt;/a&gt;, telomeres are usually lengths of single-stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-57&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-57&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/220px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;201&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/330px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/440px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> DNA quadruplex formed by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere&quot; title=&quot;Telomere&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;telomere&lt;/a&gt;repeats. The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-58&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-58&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;These guanine-rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four-base units, rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules. Here, four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four-base units then stack on top of each other, to form a stable&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex&quot; title=&quot;G-quadruplex&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;G-quadruplex&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;structure.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Burge_59-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Burge-59&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation&quot; title=&quot;Chelation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chelation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of a metal ion in the centre of each four-base unit.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-60&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-60&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Other structures can also be formed, with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases, or several different parallel strands, each contributing one base to the central structure.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In addition to these stacked structures, telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops, or T-loops. Here, the single-stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere-binding proteins.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-61&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-61&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;At the very end of the T-loop, the single-stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double-stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double-helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands. This&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-stranded_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Triple-stranded DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;triple-stranded&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;structure is called a displacement loop or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-loop&quot; title=&quot;D-loop&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;D-loop&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Burge_59-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Burge-59&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 200px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch-dna-single.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Branch-dna-single.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/95px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;71&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/143px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/190px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch-DNA-multiple.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Branch-DNA-multiple.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/95px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;71&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/143px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/190px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Single branch&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Multiple branches&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;border: none; width: 200px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Branched DNA&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Branched DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can form networks containing multiple branches.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Branched_DNA&quot;&gt;Branched DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Branched DNA&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Branched DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology&quot; title=&quot;DNA nanotechnology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_end#Frayed_ends&quot; title=&quot;DNA end&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;fraying&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double-strand of DNA. However, branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double-strand. Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA, complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-62&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-62&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Branched DNA can be used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology&quot; title=&quot;Nanotechnology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to construct geometric shapes, see the section on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#Uses_in_technology&quot; title=&quot;DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;uses in technology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;below.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Vibration&quot;&gt;Vibration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA may carry out&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_collective_motion_in_proteins_and_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;low-frequency&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;collective motion as observed by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy&quot; title=&quot;Raman spectroscopy&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Raman spectroscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-pmid7115900_63-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid7115900-63&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Urabe_1983_64-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Urabe_1983-64&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and analyzed with a quasi-continuum model.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-pmid6466317_65-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid6466317-65&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-pmid2775828_66-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-pmid2775828-66&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Chemical_modifications_and_altered_DNA_packaging&quot;&gt;Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 300px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytosin.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Cytosin.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/75px-Cytosin.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;75&quot; height=&quot;102&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/113px-Cytosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/150px-Cytosin.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-Methylcytosine.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;5-Methylcytosine.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/95px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;83&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/143px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/190px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thymin.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Thymin.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/97px-Thymin.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;97&quot; height=&quot;83&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/146px-Thymin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/194px-Thymin.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine&quot; title=&quot;Cytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cytosine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine&quot; title=&quot;5-Methylcytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;5-methylcytosine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine&quot; title=&quot;Thymine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;thymine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;border: none; width: 300px; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;Structure of cytosine with and without the 5-methyl group.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination&quot; title=&quot;Deamination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Deamination&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;converts 5-methylcytosine into thymine.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Base_modifications_and_DNA_packaging&quot;&gt;Base modifications and DNA packaging&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation&quot; title=&quot;DNA methylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA methylation&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin remodeling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Chromatin remodeling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes, in a structure called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromatin&lt;/a&gt;. Base modifications can be involved in packaging, with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation&quot; title=&quot;Methylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;methylation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine&quot; title=&quot;Cytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cytosine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;bases. DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone&quot; title=&quot;Histone&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;histone&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes (see&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin remodeling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Chromatin remodeling&lt;/a&gt;). There is, further,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Crosstalk (biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;crosstalk&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;between DNA methylation and histone modification, so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-67&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-67&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;For one example, cytosine methylation, produces&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine&quot; title=&quot;5-Methylcytosine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;5-methylcytosine&lt;/a&gt;, which is important for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-inactivation&quot; title=&quot;X-inactivation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;X-chromosome inactivation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-68&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-68&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The average level of methylation varies between organisms&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; the worm&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans&quot; title=&quot;Caenorhabditis elegans&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Caenorhabditis elegans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;lacks cytosine methylation, while&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate&quot; title=&quot;Vertebrate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;vertebrates&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;have higher levels, with up to 1% of their DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-69&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-69&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Despite the importance of 5-methylcytosine, it can&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination&quot; title=&quot;Deamination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;deaminate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to leave a thymine base, so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation&quot; title=&quot;Mutation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mutations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-70&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-70&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria, the presence of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-hydroxymethylcytosine&quot; title=&quot;5-hydroxymethylcytosine&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;5-hydroxymethylcytosine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain&quot; title=&quot;Brain&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-71&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-71&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation&quot; title=&quot;Glycosylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;glycosylation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of uracil to produce the &amp;quot;J-base&amp;quot; in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid&quot; title=&quot;Kinetoplastid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;kinetoplastids&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-72&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-72&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-73&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-73&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Damage&quot;&gt;Damage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)&quot; title=&quot;DNA damage (naturally occurring)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA damage (naturally occurring)&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation&quot; title=&quot;Mutation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Mutation&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&quot; title=&quot;DNA damage theory of aging&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA damage theory of aging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/220px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;305&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/330px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/440px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> A&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent&quot; title=&quot;Covalent&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;covalent&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct&quot; title=&quot;Adduct&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;adduct&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;between a&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450,_family_1,_member_A1&quot; title=&quot;Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;metabolically activated&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;form of&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene&quot; title=&quot;Benzo(a)pyrene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;benzo[&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;]pyrene&lt;/a&gt;, the major&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen&quot; title=&quot;Mutagen&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mutagen&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking&quot; title=&quot;Tobacco smoking&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;tobacco smoke&lt;/a&gt;, and DNA&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-74&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-74&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA can be damaged by many sorts of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen&quot; title=&quot;Mutagen&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mutagens&lt;/a&gt;, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent&quot; title=&quot;Oxidizing agent&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;oxidizing agents&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation&quot; title=&quot;Alkylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;alkylating agents&lt;/a&gt;and also high-energy&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation&quot; title=&quot;Electromagnetic radiation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;electromagnetic radiation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet&quot; title=&quot;Ultraviolet&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ultraviolet&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;light and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray&quot; title=&quot;X-ray&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;X-rays&lt;/a&gt;. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine_dimer&quot; title=&quot;Thymine dimer&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;thymine dimers&lt;/a&gt;, which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-75&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-75&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;On the other hand, oxidants such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)&quot; title=&quot;Radical (chemistry)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;free radicals&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide&quot; title=&quot;Hydrogen peroxide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydrogen peroxide&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, and double-strand breaks.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-76&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-76&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-77&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-77&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation&quot; title=&quot;Point mutation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;point mutations&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_insertion&quot; title=&quot;Genetic insertion&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;insertions&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Deletion (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;deletions&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from the DNA sequence, as well as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation&quot; title=&quot;Chromosomal translocation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosomal translocations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-78&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-78&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These mutations can cause&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer&quot; title=&quot;Cancer&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cancer&lt;/a&gt;. Because of inherent limitations in the DNA repair mechanisms, if humans lived long enough, they would all eventually develop cancer.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Weinberg_79-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Weinberg-79&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-80&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-80&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA damages that are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)&quot; title=&quot;DNA damage (naturally occurring)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;naturally occurring&lt;/a&gt;, due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species, the hydrolytic activities of cellular water, etc., also occur frequently. Although most of these damages are repaired, in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes. These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues. This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-81&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-81&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-82&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-82&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-83&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-83&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs, this is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)&quot; title=&quot;Intercalation (chemistry)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;intercalation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Most intercalators are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity&quot; title=&quot;Aromaticity&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;aromatic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and planar molecules; examples include&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide&quot; title=&quot;Ethidium bromide&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ethidium bromide&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridine&quot; title=&quot;Acridine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;acridines&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunorubicin&quot; title=&quot;Daunorubicin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;daunomycin&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxorubicin&quot; title=&quot;Doxorubicin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doxorubicin&lt;/a&gt;. For an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix. This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-84&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-84&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;As a result, DNA intercalators may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen&quot; title=&quot;Carcinogen&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;carcinogens&lt;/a&gt;, and in the case of thalidomide, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogen&quot; title=&quot;Teratogen&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;teratogen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-85&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-85&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Others such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene&quot; title=&quot;Benzo(a)pyrene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;benzo[&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;]pyrene diol epoxide&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin&quot; title=&quot;Aflatoxin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;aflatoxin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-86&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-86&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[86]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nevertheless, due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication, other similar toxins are also used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy&quot; title=&quot;Chemotherapy&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chemotherapy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to inhibit rapidly growing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer&quot; title=&quot;Cancer&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cancer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;cells.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-87&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-87&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[87]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Biological_functions&quot;&gt;Biological functions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA usually occurs as linear&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosomes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote&quot; title=&quot;Eukaryote&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;eukaryotes&lt;/a&gt;, and circular chromosomes in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote&quot; title=&quot;Prokaryote&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;prokaryotes&lt;/a&gt;. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome&quot; title=&quot;Genome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genome&lt;/a&gt;; the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome&quot; title=&quot;Human genome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;human genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-88&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-88&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[88]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The information carried by DNA is held in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence&quot; title=&quot;DNA sequence&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;sequence&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of pieces of DNA called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene&quot; title=&quot;Gene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genes&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Transmission (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Transmission&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides. Usually, this RNA copy is then used to make a matching&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_sequence&quot; title=&quot;Peptide sequence&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;protein sequence&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in a process called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Translation (biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;translation&lt;/a&gt;, which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides. In alternative fashion, a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication. The details of these functions are covered in other articles; here we focus on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Genes_and_genomes&quot;&gt;Genes and genomes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus&quot; title=&quot;Cell nucleus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Cell nucleus&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Chromatin&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Chromosome&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene&quot; title=&quot;Gene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Gene&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Noncoding DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Noncoding DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_condensation&quot; title=&quot;DNA condensation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA condensation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus&quot; title=&quot;Cell nucleus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cell nucleus&lt;/a&gt;, as well as small amounts in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion&quot; title=&quot;Mitochondrion&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mitochondria&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast&quot; title=&quot;Chloroplast&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chloroplasts&lt;/a&gt;. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoid&quot; title=&quot;Nucleoid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleoid&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-89&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-89&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[89]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype&quot; title=&quot;Genotype&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genotype&lt;/a&gt;. A gene is a unit of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity&quot; title=&quot;Heredity&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;heredity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes contain an&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame&quot; title=&quot;Open reading frame&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;open reading frame&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that can be transcribed, as well as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence&quot; title=&quot;Regulatory sequence&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;regulatory sequences&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Promoter (biology)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;promoters&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Enhancer (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enhancers&lt;/a&gt;, which control the transcription of the open reading frame.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In many&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species&quot; title=&quot;Species&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;species&lt;/a&gt;, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome&quot; title=&quot;Genome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;encodes protein. For example, only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon&quot; title=&quot;Exon&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;exons&lt;/a&gt;, with over 50% of human DNA consisting of non-coding&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)&quot; title=&quot;Repeated sequence (DNA)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;repetitive sequences&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-90&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-90&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[90]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The reasons for the presence of so much&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Noncoding DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;noncoding DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size&quot; title=&quot;Genome size&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genome size&lt;/a&gt;, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value&quot; title=&quot;C-value&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;C-value&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, among species represent a long-standing puzzle known as the &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value_enigma&quot; title=&quot;C-value enigma&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;C-value enigma&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-91&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-91&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[91]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA&quot; title=&quot;Non-coding RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;non-coding RNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;molecules, which are involved in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression&quot; title=&quot;Regulation of gene expression&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;regulation of gene expression&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-92&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-92&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[92]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/220px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/330px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/440px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_RNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;T7 RNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;T7 RNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(blue) producing a mRNA (green) from a DNA template (orange).&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-93&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-93&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[93]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere&quot; title=&quot;Telomere&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Telomeres&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere&quot; title=&quot;Centromere&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;centromeres&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;typically contain few genes, but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Nugent_56-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-94&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-94&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[94]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene&quot; title=&quot;Pseudogene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;pseudogenes&lt;/a&gt;, which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-95&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-95&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[95]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These sequences are usually just molecular&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil&quot; title=&quot;Fossil&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;fossils&lt;/a&gt;, although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication&quot; title=&quot;Gene duplication&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;gene duplication&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_evolution&quot; title=&quot;Divergent evolution&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;divergence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-96&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-96&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[96]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Transcription_and_translation&quot;&gt;Transcription and translation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code&quot; title=&quot;Genetic code&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Genetic code&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Transcription (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Transcription (genetics)&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis&quot; title=&quot;Protein biosynthesis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Protein biosynthesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype&quot; title=&quot;Phenotype&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phenotype&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of an organism. Within a gene, the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA&quot; title=&quot;Messenger RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;messenger RNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sequence, which then defines one or more protein sequences. The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid&quot; title=&quot;Amino acid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;amino-acid&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Translation (biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;translation&lt;/a&gt;, known collectively as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code&quot; title=&quot;Genetic code&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic code&lt;/a&gt;. The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;codons&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT).&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In transcription, the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;RNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;. This RNA copy is then decoded by a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome&quot; title=&quot;Ribosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ribosome&lt;/a&gt;that reads the RNA sequence by base-pairing the messenger RNA to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA&quot; title=&quot;Transfer RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transfer RNA&lt;/a&gt;, which carries amino acids. Since there are 4 bases in 3-letter combinations, there are 64 possible codons (&lt;img class=&quot;tex&quot; alt=&quot;4^3&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/9/b/29b8a6aa9d0f15d19fae3aa4c6d6c883.png&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;combinations). These encode the twenty&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_standard_amino_acids&quot; title=&quot;List of standard amino acids&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;standard amino acids&lt;/a&gt;, giving most amino acids more than one possible codon. There are also three 'stop' or 'nonsense' codons signifying the end of the coding region; these are the TAA, TGA and TAG codons.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 452px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/450px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;219&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/675px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/900px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> DNA replication. The double helix is unwound by a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase&quot; title=&quot;Helicase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;helicase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase&quot; title=&quot;Topoisomerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;topoisomerase&lt;/a&gt;. Next, one&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;DNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;produces the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork&quot; title=&quot;Replication fork&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;leading strand&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;copy. Another DNA polymerase binds to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork&quot; title=&quot;Replication fork&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;lagging strand&lt;/a&gt;. This enzyme makes discontinuous segments (called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragment&quot; title=&quot;Okazaki fragment&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Okazaki fragments&lt;/a&gt;) before&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase&quot; title=&quot;DNA ligase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA ligase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;joins them together.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Replication&quot;&gt;Replication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication&quot; title=&quot;DNA replication&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA replication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division&quot; title=&quot;Cell division&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Cell division&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is essential for an organism to grow, but, when a cell divides, it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication&quot; title=&quot;DNA replication&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA replication&lt;/a&gt;. Here, the two strands are separated and then each strand's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Complementary DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;complementary DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sequence is recreated by an&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enzyme&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;DNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;. This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing, and bonding it onto the original strand. As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5&amp;prime; to 3&amp;prime; direction, different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-97&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-97&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[97]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In this way, the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand, and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Interactions_with_proteins&quot;&gt;Interactions with proteins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins. These&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_interactions&quot; title=&quot;Protein interactions&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;protein interactions&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can be non-specific, or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence. Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these, the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;DNA-binding_proteins&quot;&gt;DNA-binding proteins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_protein&quot; title=&quot;DNA-binding protein&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA-binding protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot; style=&quot;float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 260px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleosome1.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Nucleosome1.png&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/260px-Nucleosome1.png&quot; width=&quot;260&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/390px-Nucleosome1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/520px-Nucleosome1.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;border: none; width: 260px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;Interaction of DNA (shown in orange) with&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone&quot; title=&quot;Histone&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;histones&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(shown in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Structural proteins that bind DNA are well-understood examples of non-specific DNA-protein interactions. Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin&quot; title=&quot;Chromatin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromatin&lt;/a&gt;. In eukaryotes this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone&quot; title=&quot;Histone&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;histones&lt;/a&gt;, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-98&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-98&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[98]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-99&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-99&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[99]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome&quot; title=&quot;Nucleosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleosome&lt;/a&gt;, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond&quot; title=&quot;Ionic bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ionic bonds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore largely independent of the base sequence.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-100&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-100&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[100]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation&quot; title=&quot;Methylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;methylation&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation&quot; title=&quot;Phosphorylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphorylation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation&quot; title=&quot;Acetylation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;acetylation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-101&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-101&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[101]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones, making the DNA more or less accessible to&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor&quot; title=&quot;Transcription factor&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transcription factors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and changing the rate of transcription.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-102&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-102&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[102]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Other non-specific DNA-binding proteins in chromatin include the high-mobility group proteins, which bind to bent or distorted DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-103&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-103&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[103]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-104&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-104&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[104]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;A distinct group of DNA-binding proteins are the DNA-binding proteins that specifically bind single-stranded DNA. In humans, replication&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A&quot; title=&quot;Protein A&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;protein A&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the best-understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated, including DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-105&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-105&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[105]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These binding proteins seem to stabilize single-stranded DNA and protect it from forming&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-loop&quot; title=&quot;Stem-loop&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;stem-loops&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or being degraded by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease&quot; title=&quot;Nuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/170px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/255px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/340px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> The lambda repressor&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix&quot; title=&quot;Helix-turn-helix&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;helix-turn-helix&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;transcription factor bound to its DNA target&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-106&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-106&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[106]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor&quot; title=&quot;Transcription factor&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transcription factors&lt;/a&gt;, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The transcription factors do this in two ways. Firstly, they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription, either directly or through other mediator proteins; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-107&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-107&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[107]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alternatively, transcription factors can bind&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enzymes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that modify the histones at the promoter. This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-108&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-108&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[108]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism's genome, changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-109&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-109&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[109]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consequently, these proteins are often the targets of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction&quot; title=&quot;Signal transduction&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;signal transduction&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;processes that control responses to environmental changes or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation&quot; title=&quot;Cellular differentiation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cellular differentiation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and development. The specificity of these transcription factors' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to &amp;quot;read&amp;quot; the DNA sequence. Most of these base-interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Pabo1984-25&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot; style=&quot;float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/220px-EcoRV_1RVA.png&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;154&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/330px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/440px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Restriction enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;restriction enzyme&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoRV&quot; title=&quot;EcoRV&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;EcoRV&lt;/a&gt;(green) in a complex with its substrate DNA&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-110&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-110&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[110]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;DNA-modifying_enzymes&quot;&gt;DNA-modifying enzymes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;h4 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Nucleases_and_ligases&quot;&gt;Nucleases and ligases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease&quot; title=&quot;Nuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nucleases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enzymes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis&quot; title=&quot;Hydrolysis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydrolysis&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond&quot; title=&quot;Phosphodiester bond&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phosphodiester bonds&lt;/a&gt;. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonuclease&quot; title=&quot;Exonuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;exonucleases&lt;/a&gt;, while&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease&quot; title=&quot;Endonuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;endonucleases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;cut within strands. The most frequently used nucleases in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology&quot; title=&quot;Molecular biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular biology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are the&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Restriction enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;restriction endonucleases&lt;/a&gt;, which cut DNA at specific sequences. For instance, the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6-base sequence 5&amp;prime;-GATATC-3&amp;prime; and makes a cut at the vertical line. In nature, these enzymes protect&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria&quot; title=&quot;Bacteria&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;against&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage&quot; title=&quot;Bacteriophage&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phage&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell, acting as part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_modification_system&quot; title=&quot;Restriction modification system&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;restriction modification system&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-111&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-111&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[111]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In technology, these sequence-specific nucleases are used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning&quot; title=&quot;Molecular cloning&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular cloning&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting&quot; title=&quot;Genetic fingerprinting&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA fingerprinting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Enzymes called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase&quot; title=&quot;DNA ligase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA ligases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Doherty_112-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Doherty-112&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[112]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ligases are particularly important in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork&quot; title=&quot;Replication fork&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;lagging strand&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA replication, as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_fork&quot; title=&quot;Replication fork&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;replication fork&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;into a complete copy of the DNA template. They are also used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair&quot; title=&quot;DNA repair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA repair&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination&quot; title=&quot;Genetic recombination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic recombination&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Doherty_112-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Doherty-112&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[112]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h4 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Topoisomerases_and_helicases&quot;&gt;Topoisomerases and helicases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase&quot; title=&quot;Topoisomerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Topoisomerases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity. These proteins change the amount of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil&quot; title=&quot;DNA supercoil&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;supercoiling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in DNA. Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate, thereby reducing its level of supercoiling; the enzyme then seals the DNA break.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Champoux_37-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Champoux-37&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break, before rejoining the helix.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-113&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-113&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[113]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA, such as DNA replication and transcription.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Wang_38-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Wang-38&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase&quot; title=&quot;Helicase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Helicases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are proteins that are a type of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_motor&quot; title=&quot;Molecular motor&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular motor&lt;/a&gt;. They use the chemical energy in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate&quot; title=&quot;Nucleoside triphosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleoside triphosphates&lt;/a&gt;, predominantly&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate&quot; title=&quot;Adenosine triphosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ATP&lt;/a&gt;, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-114&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-114&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[114]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h4 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Polymerases&quot;&gt;Polymerases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase&quot; title=&quot;Polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Polymerases&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;enzymes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that synthesize polynucleotide chains from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate&quot; title=&quot;Nucleoside triphosphate&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleoside triphosphates&lt;/a&gt;. The sequence of their products are copies of existing polynucleotide chains&amp;mdash;which are called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;templates&lt;/i&gt;. These enzymes function by adding nucleotides onto the 3&amp;prime;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl&quot; title=&quot;Hydroxyl&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hydroxyl group&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the previous nucleotide in a DNA strand. As a consequence, all polymerases work in a 5&amp;prime; to 3&amp;prime; direction.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Joyce_115-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Joyce-115&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[115]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site&quot; title=&quot;Active site&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;active site&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of these enzymes, the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base-pairs to the template: this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template. Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In DNA replication, a DNA-dependent&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;DNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;makes a copy of a DNA sequence. Accuracy is vital in this process, so many of these polymerases have a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreading_(Biology)&quot; title=&quot;Proofreading (Biology)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;proofreading&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;activity. Here, the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides. If a mismatch is detected, a 3&amp;prime; to 5&amp;prime;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonuclease&quot; title=&quot;Exonuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;exonuclease&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;activity is activated and the incorrect base removed.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-116&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-116&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[116]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In most organisms, DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replisome&quot; title=&quot;Replisome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;replisome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that contains multiple accessory subunits, such as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_clamp&quot; title=&quot;DNA clamp&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA clamp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase&quot; title=&quot;Helicase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;helicases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-117&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-117&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[117]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA. They include&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase&quot; title=&quot;Reverse transcriptase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;reverse transcriptase&lt;/a&gt;, which is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus&quot; title=&quot;Virus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;viral&lt;/a&gt;enzyme involved in the infection of cells by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus&quot; title=&quot;Retrovirus&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;retroviruses&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase&quot; title=&quot;Telomerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;telomerase&lt;/a&gt;, which is required for the replication of telomeres.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Greider_55-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Greider-55&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-118&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-118&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[118]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Nugent_56-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Nugent-56&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Transcription is carried out by a DNA-dependent&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase&quot; title=&quot;RNA polymerase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA polymerase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA. To begin transcribing a gene, the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands. It then copies the gene sequence into a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA&quot; title=&quot;Messenger RNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;messenger RNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Terminator (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;terminator&lt;/a&gt;, where it halts and detaches from the DNA. As with human DNA-dependent DNA polymerases,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II&quot; title=&quot;RNA polymerase II&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA polymerase II&lt;/a&gt;, the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome, operates as part of a large&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complex&quot; title=&quot;Protein complex&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;protein complex&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-119&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-119&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[119]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Genetic_recombination&quot;&gt;Genetic recombination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 250px; margin: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holliday_Junction.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Holliday Junction.svg&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/250px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;248&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/375px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/500px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holliday_junction_coloured.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Holliday junction coloured.png&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/250px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/375px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/500px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;border: none; width: 250px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;Structure of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_junction&quot; title=&quot;Holliday junction&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Holliday junction&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;intermediate in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination&quot; title=&quot;Genetic recombination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic recombination&lt;/a&gt;. The four separate DNA strands are coloured red, blue, green and yellow.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-120&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-120&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[120]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination&quot; title=&quot;Genetic recombination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Genetic recombination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot; style=&quot;float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 252px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/250px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;162&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/375px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/500px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of two chromosomes (M and F) to produce two re-arranged chromosomes (C1 and C2).&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA, and in human cells the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called &amp;quot;chromosome territories&amp;quot;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-121&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-121&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[121]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information, as one of the few times chromosomes interact is during&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover&quot; title=&quot;Chromosomal crossover&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosomal crossover&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;when they&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination&quot; title=&quot;Genetic recombination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;recombine&lt;/a&gt;. Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break, swap a section and then rejoin.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes, which increases the efficiency of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection&quot; title=&quot;Natural selection&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;natural selection&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-122&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-122&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[122]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair, particularly in the cell's response to double-strand breaks.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-123&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-123&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[123]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The most common form of chromosomal crossover is&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination&quot; title=&quot;Homologous recombination&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;homologous recombination&lt;/a&gt;, where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences. Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells, as it can produce&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation&quot; title=&quot;Chromosomal translocation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;chromosomal translocations&lt;/a&gt;and genetic abnormalities. The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase&quot; title=&quot;Recombinase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;recombinases&lt;/a&gt;, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51&quot; title=&quot;RAD51&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RAD51&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-124&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-124&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[124]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The first step in recombination is a double-stranded break caused by either an&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease&quot; title=&quot;Endonuclease&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;endonuclease&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or damage to the DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-125&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-125&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[125]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_junction&quot; title=&quot;Holliday junction&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Holliday junction&lt;/a&gt;, in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix. The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes, swapping one strand for another. The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-126&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-126&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[126]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Evolution&quot;&gt;Evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis&quot; title=&quot;RNA world hypothesis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA world hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function, grow and reproduce. However, it is unclear how long in the 4-billion-year&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution&quot; title=&quot;Timeline of evolution&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;history of life&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA has performed this function, as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated1_127-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-autogenerated1-127&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[127]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-128&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-128&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[128]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;RNA may have acted as the central part of early&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_metabolism&quot; title=&quot;Cell metabolism&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;cell metabolism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis&quot; title=&quot;Catalysis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;catalysis&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as part of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme&quot; title=&quot;Ribozyme&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ribozymes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-129&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-129&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[129]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This ancient&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis&quot; title=&quot;RNA world hypothesis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;RNA world&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution&quot; title=&quot;Evolution&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;evolution&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases. This would occur, since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade-off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-130&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-130&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[130]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;However, there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems, as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible. This is because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years, and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-131&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-131&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[131]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Claims for older DNA have been made, most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-132&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-132&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[132]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;but these claims are controversial.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-133&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-133&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[133]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-134&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-134&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[134]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;On 8 August 2011, a report, based on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA&quot; title=&quot;NASA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;studies with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorites&quot; title=&quot;Meteorites&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;meteorites&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;found on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth&quot; title=&quot;Earth&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Earth&lt;/a&gt;, was published suggesting building blocks of DNA (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine&quot; title=&quot;Adenine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;adenine&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine&quot; title=&quot;Guanine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;guanine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and related&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_molecules&quot; title=&quot;Organic molecules&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;organic molecules&lt;/a&gt;) may have been formed extraterrestrially in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space&quot; title=&quot;Outer space&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;outer space&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Callahan_135-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Callahan-135&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[135]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Steigerwald_136-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Steigerwald-136&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[136]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-DNA_137-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-DNA-137&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[137]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Uses_in_technology&quot;&gt;Uses in technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Genetic_engineering&quot;&gt;Genetic engineering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology&quot; title=&quot;Molecular biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Molecular biology&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_methods&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid methods&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleic acid methods&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering&quot; title=&quot;Genetic engineering&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic engineering&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol-chloroform_extraction&quot; title=&quot;Phenol-chloroform extraction&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phenol-chloroform extraction&lt;/a&gt;, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_digest&quot; title=&quot;Restriction digest&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;restriction digests&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction&quot; title=&quot;Polymerase chain reaction&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;polymerase chain reaction&lt;/a&gt;. Modern&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology&quot; title=&quot;Biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;biology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry&quot; title=&quot;Biochemistry&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;biochemistry&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA&quot; title=&quot;Recombinant DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Recombinant DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences. They can be&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)&quot; title=&quot;Transformation (genetics)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transformed&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;into organisms in the form of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid&quot; title=&quot;Plasmid&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;plasmids&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or in the appropriate format, by using a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector&quot; title=&quot;Viral vector&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;viral vector&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-138&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-138&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[138]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering&quot; title=&quot;Genetic engineering&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetically modified&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein&quot; title=&quot;Protein&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;proteins&lt;/a&gt;, used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research&quot; title=&quot;Medical research&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;medical research&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-139&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-139&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[139]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or be grown in&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture&quot; title=&quot;Agriculture&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;agriculture&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-140&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-140&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[140]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-141&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-141&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[141]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Forensics&quot;&gt;Forensics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling&quot; title=&quot;DNA profiling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA profiling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science&quot; title=&quot;Forensic science&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Forensic scientists&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can use DNA in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood&quot; title=&quot;Blood&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;blood&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen&quot; title=&quot;Semen&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;semen&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin&quot; title=&quot;Skin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;skin&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva&quot; title=&quot;Saliva&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;saliva&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair&quot; title=&quot;Hair&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;hair&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;found at a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_scene&quot; title=&quot;Crime scene&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;crime scene&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to identify a matching DNA of an individual, such as a perpetrator. This process is formally termed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling&quot; title=&quot;DNA profiling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA profiling&lt;/a&gt;, but may also be called &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting&quot; title=&quot;Genetic fingerprinting&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic fingerprinting&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. In DNA profiling, the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeat&quot; title=&quot;Short tandem repeat&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;short tandem repeats&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisatellite&quot; title=&quot;Minisatellite&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;minisatellites&lt;/a&gt;, are compared between people. This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-142&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-142&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[142]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-143&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-143&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[143]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys&quot; title=&quot;Alec Jeffreys&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Alec Jeffreys&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-144&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-144&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[144]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Pitchfork&quot; title=&quot;Colin Pitchfork&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Enderby murders&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;case.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-145&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-145&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[145]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;The development of forensic science, and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood, skin, saliva or hair has led to a re-examination of a number of cases. Evidence can now be uncovered that was not scientifically possible at the time of the original examination. Combined with the removal of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_jeopardy&quot; title=&quot;Double jeopardy&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;double jeopardy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;law in some places, this can allow cases to be reopened where previous trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury. People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes. The most obvious defence to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has taken place. This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime. DNA profiling is also used to identify victims of mass casualty incidents.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-146&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-146&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[146]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;As well as positively identifying bodies or body parts in serious accidents, DNA profiling is being successfully used to identify individual victims in mass war graves&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; matching to family members.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics&quot; title=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics&quot; title=&quot;Bioinformatics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;involves the manipulation, searching, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining&quot; title=&quot;Data mining&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;data mining&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of biological data, and this includes DNA sequence data. The development of techniques to store and search DNA sequences have led to widely applied advances in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science&quot; title=&quot;Computer science&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;computer science&lt;/a&gt;, especially&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_searching_algorithm&quot; title=&quot;String searching algorithm&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;string searching algorithms&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning&quot; title=&quot;Machine learning&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;machine learning&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_theory&quot; title=&quot;Database theory&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;database theory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-147&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-147&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[147]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;String searching or matching algorithms, which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters, were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-148&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-148&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[148]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The DNA sequence may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment&quot; title=&quot;Sequence alignment&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;aligned&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with other DNA sequences to identify&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Homology (biology)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;homologous&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sequences and locate the specific&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation&quot; title=&quot;Mutation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;mutations&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that make them distinct. These techniques, especially&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment&quot; title=&quot;Multiple sequence alignment&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;multiple sequence alignment&lt;/a&gt;, are used in studying&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics&quot; title=&quot;Phylogenetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phylogenetic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;relationships and protein function.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-149&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-149&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[149]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Data sets representing entire genomes' worth of DNA sequences, such as those produced by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project&quot; title=&quot;Human Genome Project&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Human Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;, are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome. Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein- or RNA-coding genes can be identified by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_prediction&quot; title=&quot;Gene prediction&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;gene finding&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;algorithms, which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_product&quot; title=&quot;Gene product&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;gene products&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Mount_150-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Mount-150&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[150]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Entire genomes may also be compared, which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;DNA_nanotechnology&quot;&gt;DNA nanotechnology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 402px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_nanostructures.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/400px-DNA_nanostructures.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;220&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/600px-DNA_nanostructures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/800px-DNA_nanostructures.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_nanostructures.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> The DNA structure at left (schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope&quot; title=&quot;Atomic force microscope&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;atomic force microscopy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at right.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology&quot; title=&quot;DNA nanotechnology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition&quot; title=&quot;Molecular recognition&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular recognition&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;properties of DNA molecules. Image from&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Strong, 2004&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology&quot; title=&quot;DNA nanotechnology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA nanotechnology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA nanotechnology uses the unique&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition&quot; title=&quot;Molecular recognition&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;molecular recognition&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-151&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-151&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[151]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information. This has led to the creation of two-dimensional periodic lattices (both tile-based as well as using the &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_origami&quot; title=&quot;DNA origami&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA origami&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; method) as well as three-dimensional structures in the shapes of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron&quot; title=&quot;Polyhedron&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;polyhedra&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-152&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-152&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[152]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_machine&quot; title=&quot;DNA machine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nanomechanical devices&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing&quot; title=&quot;DNA computing&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;algorithmic self-assembly&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;have also been demonstrated,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-153&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-153&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[153]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold&quot; title=&quot;Colloidal gold&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;gold nanoparticles&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptavidin&quot; title=&quot;Streptavidin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;streptavidin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;proteins.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-154&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-154&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[154]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;History_and_anthropology&quot;&gt;History and anthropology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics&quot; title=&quot;Phylogenetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Phylogenetics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy&quot; title=&quot;Genetic genealogy&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Genetic genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics&quot; title=&quot;Phylogenetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;phylogeny&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-155&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-155&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[155]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology&quot; title=&quot;Evolutionary biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;evolutionary biology&lt;/a&gt;. If DNA sequences within a species are compared,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics&quot; title=&quot;Population genetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;population geneticists&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can learn the history of particular populations. This can be used in studies ranging from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_genetics&quot; title=&quot;Ecological genetics&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ecological genetics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology&quot; title=&quot;Anthropology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;anthropology&lt;/a&gt;; For example, DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes&quot; title=&quot;Ten Lost Tribes&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Ten Lost Tribes of Israel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-156&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-156&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[156]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-157&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-157&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[157]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA has also been used to look at modern family relationships, such as establishing family relationships between the descendants of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hemings&quot; title=&quot;Sally Hemings&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Sally Hemings&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson&quot; title=&quot;Thomas Jefferson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Thomas Jefferson&lt;/a&gt;. This usage is closely related to the use of DNA in criminal investigations detailed above. Indeed, some criminal investigations have been solved when DNA from crime scenes has matched relatives of the guilty individual.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-158&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-158&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[158]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h3 style=&quot;background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Information_storage&quot;&gt;Information storage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink relarticle mainarticle&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage&quot; title=&quot;DNA digital data storage&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA digital data storage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In a paper published in Nature in January, 2013, scientists from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute&quot; title=&quot;European Bioinformatics Institute&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;European Bioinformatics Institute&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies&quot; title=&quot;Agilent Technologies&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Agilent Technologies&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;proposed a mechanism to use DNA's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage. The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code, synthesize the actual DNA, then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form, with a reported 100% accuracy. The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files. A prior experiment was published in August 2012. It was conducted by researchers at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University&quot; title=&quot;Harvard University&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Harvard University&lt;/a&gt;, where the text of a 54,000-word book was encoded in DNA.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-159&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-159&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[159]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-160&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-160&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[160]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;History_of_DNA_research&quot;&gt;History of DNA research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;rellink boilerplate further&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;Further information:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology&quot; title=&quot;History of molecular biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;History of molecular biology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/220px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/330px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/440px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3px; float: right; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; display: block; border: none !important; background-image: none !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> James Watson and Francis Crick (right), co-originators of the double-helix model, with Maclyn McCarty (left).&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher&quot; title=&quot;Friedrich Miescher&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Friedrich Miescher&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it &amp;quot;nuclein&amp;quot;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-161&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-161&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[161]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of &amp;quot;nuclein&amp;quot;, nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobases&quot; title=&quot;Nucleobases&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;nucleobases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Yale_Jones_1953_162-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-162&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[162]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1919, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar and phosphate nucleotide unit.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-163&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-163&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[163]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups. However, Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order. In 1937&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astbury&quot; title=&quot;William Astbury&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;William Astbury&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-164&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-164&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[164]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In 1927,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Koltsov&quot; title=&quot;Nikolai Koltsov&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nikolai Koltsov&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a &amp;quot;giant hereditary molecule&amp;quot; made up of &amp;quot;two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template&amp;quot;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-Soyfer_165-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-Soyfer-165&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[165]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1928,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Griffith&quot; title=&quot;Frederick Griffith&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Frederick Griffith&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;discovered that&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(biology)&quot; title=&quot;Trait (biology)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;traits&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the &amp;quot;smooth&amp;quot; form of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Pneumococcus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;could be transferred to the &amp;quot;rough&amp;quot; form of the same bacteria by mixing killed &amp;quot;smooth&amp;quot; bacteria with the live &amp;quot;rough&amp;quot; form.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-166&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-166&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[166]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information&amp;mdash;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment&quot; title=&quot;Avery&amp;ndash;MacLeod&amp;ndash;McCarty experiment&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Avery&amp;ndash;MacLeod&amp;ndash;McCarty experiment&lt;/a&gt;&amp;mdash;when&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery&quot; title=&quot;Oswald Avery&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Oswald Avery&lt;/a&gt;, along with coworkers&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Munro_MacLeod&quot; title=&quot;Colin Munro MacLeod&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Colin MacLeod&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty&quot; title=&quot;Maclyn McCarty&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Maclyn McCarty&lt;/a&gt;, identified DNA as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment&quot; title=&quot;Griffith's experiment&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;transforming principle&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1943.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-167&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-167&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[167]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA's role in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity&quot; title=&quot;Heredity&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;heredity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was confirmed in 1952, when&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hershey&quot; title=&quot;Alfred Hershey&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Alfred Hershey&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Chase&quot; title=&quot;Martha Chase&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Martha Chase&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment&quot; title=&quot;Hershey&amp;ndash;Chase experiment&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Hershey&amp;ndash;Chase experiment&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;showed that DNA is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_material&quot; title=&quot;Genetic material&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;genetic material&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria_phage_T2&quot; title=&quot;Enterobacteria phage T2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;T2 phage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-168&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-168&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[168]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In 1953,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson&quot; title=&quot;James Watson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick&quot; title=&quot;Francis Crick&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Francis Crick&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double-helix model of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_structure_of_Nucleic_Acids&quot; title=&quot;Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA structure&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the journal&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)&quot; title=&quot;Nature (journal)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-FWPUB-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on a single&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction&quot; title=&quot;X-ray diffraction&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;X-ray diffraction&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;image (labeled as &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_51&quot; title=&quot;Photo 51&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Photo 51&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;)&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-169&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-169&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[169]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;taken by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin&quot; title=&quot;Rosalind Franklin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Rosalind Franklin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gosling&quot; title=&quot;Raymond Gosling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Raymond Gosling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in May 1952, as well as the information that the DNA bases are paired&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; also obtained through private communications from Erwin Chargaff in the previous years.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff%27s_rules&quot; title=&quot;Chargaff's rules&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Chargaff's rules&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;played a very important role in establishing double-helix configurations for B-DNA as well as A-DNA.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-NatureDNA50_170-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatureDNA50-170&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[170]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partially supported the Watson and Crick model;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-NatFranGos_41-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatFranGos-41&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-171&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-171&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[171]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins&quot; title=&quot;Maurice Wilkins&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Maurice Wilkins&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the previous two pages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-NatWilk_42-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-NatWilk-42&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&quot; title=&quot;Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Physiology or Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-172&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-172&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[172]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nobel Prizes were awarded only to living recipients at the time. A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-173&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-173&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[173]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology&quot; title=&quot;Central dogma of molecular biology&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;central dogma of molecular biology&lt;/a&gt;, which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the &amp;quot;adaptor hypothesis&amp;quot;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-174&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-174&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[174]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson&amp;ndash;Stahl experiment.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-175&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-175&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[175]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, allowing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana&quot; title=&quot;Har Gobind Khorana&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Har Gobind Khorana&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley&quot; title=&quot;Robert W. Holley&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Robert W. Holley&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg&quot; title=&quot;Marshall Warren Nirenberg&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Marshall Warren Nirenberg&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to decipher the genetic code.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-176&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-176&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[176]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;See_also&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;noprint tright portal&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;font-size: 11.199999809265137px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TPI1_structure.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Portal icon&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png&quot; width=&quot;32&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology&quot; title=&quot;Portal:Molecular and Cellular Biology&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Molecular and Cellular Biology portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;column-width&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 20em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome&quot; title=&quot;Autosome&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Autosome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography&quot; title=&quot;Crystallography&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Crystallography&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-encoded_chemical_library&quot; title=&quot;DNA-encoded chemical library&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA-encoded chemical library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray&quot; title=&quot;DNA microarray&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA microarray&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing&quot; title=&quot;DNA sequencing&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;DNA sequencing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder&quot; title=&quot;Genetic disorder&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Genetic disorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype&quot; title=&quot;Haplotype&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Haplotype&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nucleic_acid_simulation_software&quot; title=&quot;List of nucleic acid simulation software&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;List of nucleic acid simulation software&lt;/a&gt;- Nucleic acid modeling&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis&quot; title=&quot;Meiosis&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Meiosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid double helix&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nucleic acid double helix&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_notation&quot; title=&quot;Nucleic acid notation&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nucleic acid notation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoramidite&quot; title=&quot;Phosphoramidite&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Phosphoramidite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_blot&quot; title=&quot;Southern blot&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Southern blot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques&quot; title=&quot;X-ray scattering techniques&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;X-ray scattering techniques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia&quot; title=&quot;Proteopedia&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Proteopedia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;References&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;reflist references-column-width&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-1&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Russell, Peter (2001).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;iGenetics&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Benjamin Cummings.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-8053-4553-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-2&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Saenger, Wolfram (1984).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Springer-Verlag.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90762-9&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-387-90762-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-387-90762-9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Alberts-3&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Alberts_3-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Alberts_3-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walters (2002).&lt;i&gt;Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition&lt;/i&gt;. New York and London: Garland Science.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-8153-3218-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&quot; title=&quot;OCLC&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076+48122761+57023651+69932405&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Butler-4&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Butler_4-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Butler, John M. (2001).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Forensic DNA Typing&lt;/i&gt;. Elsevier.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;978-0-12-147951-0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&quot; title=&quot;OCLC&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223032110+45406517&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;223032110 45406517&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;pp. 14&amp;ndash;15.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-FWPUB-5&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;171&lt;/b&gt;(4356): 737&amp;ndash;738.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1953Natur.171..737W&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/171737a0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;13054692&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-6&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D (1981). &amp;quot;The dimensions of DNA in solution&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Mol Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;152&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 153&amp;ndash;61.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338906&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7338906&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-7&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-7&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Gregory S; Barlow, KF; McLay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL; Woodfine, K (2006). &amp;quot;The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;441&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7091): 315&amp;ndash;21.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..315G&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2006Natur.441..315G&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04727&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature04727&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16710414&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-autogenerated2-8&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;171&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4356): 737&amp;ndash;738.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1953Natur.171..737W&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/171737a0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;13054692&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 4 May 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-berg-9&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-berg_9-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002)&lt;i&gt;Biochemistry.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;W. H. Freeman and Company&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716749556&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-7167-4955-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-IUPAC-10&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-IUPAC_10-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 3 January 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Ghosh-11&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Ghosh_11-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Ghosh_11-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Ghosh A, Bansal M (2003). &amp;quot;A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Acta Crystallogr D&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;59&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 620&amp;ndash;6.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0907444903003251&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1107/S0907444903003251&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657780&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12657780&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-12&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-12&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1D65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-13&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_13-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nucleic Acids Res.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;34&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 564&amp;ndash;74.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/nar/gkj454&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1360284&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449200&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16449200&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-14&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-14&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). &amp;quot;Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annu. 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Biochem.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;67&lt;/b&gt;: 99&amp;ndash;134.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759484&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9759484&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Kiljunen2005-15&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Kiljunen2005_15-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Kiljunen S, Hakala K, Pinta E, Huttunen S, Pluta P, Gador A, L&amp;ouml;nnberg H, Skurnik M (2005). &amp;quot;Yersiniophage phiR1-37 is a tailed bacteriophage having a 270 kb DNA genome with thymidine replaced by deoxyuridine&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Microbiology&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;151&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(12): 4093&amp;ndash;4102.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.28265-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1099/mic.0.28265-0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339954&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16339954&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Simpson1998-16&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Simpson1998_16-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Simpson L (1998).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A base called J&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;95&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 2037&amp;ndash;2038.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.5.2037&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.95.5.2037&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;33841&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9482833&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9482833&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Borst2008-17&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Borst2008_17-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Borst P, Sabatini R (2008). &amp;quot;Base J: discovery, biosynthesis, and possible functions&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annual review of microbiology&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;62&lt;/b&gt;: 235&amp;ndash;51.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.62.081307.162750&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162750&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729733&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;18729733&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Cross1999-18&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Cross1999_18-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Cross M, Kieft R, Sabatini R, Wilm M, de Kort M, der Marel GA, van Boom JH, van Leeuwen F, Borst P&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;(1999).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The modified base J is the target for a novel DNA-binding protein in kinetoplastid protozoans&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;EMBO J&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;18&lt;/b&gt;(22): 6573&amp;ndash;6581.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.22.6573&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/emboj/18.22.6573&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1171720&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10562569&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10562569&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-DiPaolo2005-19&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-DiPaolo2005_19-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;DiPaolo C, Kieft R, Cross M, Sabatini R (2005). &amp;quot;Regulation of trypanosome DNA glycosylation by a SWI2/SNF2-like protein&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mol Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;17&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(3): 441&amp;ndash;451.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.12.022&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.022&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694344&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15694344&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Vainio2009-20&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Vainio2009_20-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Vainio S, Genest PA, ter Riet B, van Luenen H, Borst P (2009). &amp;quot;Evidence that J-binding protein 2 is a thymidine hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of DNA base J&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Molecular and biochemical parasitology&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;164&lt;/b&gt;(2): 157&amp;ndash;61.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molbiopara.2008.12.001&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.12.001&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114062&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19114062&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Iyer2009-21&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Iyer2009_21-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Iyer LM, Tahiliani M, Rao A, Aravind L (2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Prediction of novel families of enzymes involved in oxidative and other complex modifications of bases in nucleic acids&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;Cell Cycle&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(11): 1698&amp;ndash;1710.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.11.8580&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.4161/cc.8.11.8580&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2995806&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411852&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19411852&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-van_Luenen2012-22&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-van_Luenen2012_22-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Van Luenen HG, Farris C, Jan S, Genest PA, Tripathi P, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Nieuwland M, Haydock A&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;(2012).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Leishmania&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;150&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 909&amp;ndash;921.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.030&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.030&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3684241&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939620&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;22939620&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-23&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Hazelbaker2012_23-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Hazelbaker DZ, Buratowski S (2012).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Transcription: base J blocks the way&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Curr Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(22): R960&amp;ndash;2.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.010&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.010&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3648658&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174300&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;23174300&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-24&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-24&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson R (1980). &amp;quot;Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;287&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5784): 755&amp;ndash;8.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287..755W&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1980Natur.287..755W&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F287755a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/287755a0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432492&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7432492&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Pabo1984-25&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Pabo1984_25-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Pabo C, Sauer R (1984). &amp;quot;Protein-DNA recognition&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Annu Rev Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;53&lt;/b&gt;: 293&amp;ndash;321.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236744&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;6236744&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-26&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-26&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub H (2000).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;Biophys J&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;78&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 1997&amp;ndash;2007.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BpJ....78.1997C&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2000BpJ....78.1997C&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76747-6&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1300792&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733978&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10733978&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-27&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-27&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Chalikian T, V&amp;ouml;lker J, Plum G, Breslauer K (1999).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: A characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;96&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(14): 7853&amp;ndash;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7853C&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1999PNAS...96.7853C&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.96.14.7853&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;22151&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393911&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10393911&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-28&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;deHaseth P, Helmann J (1995). &amp;quot;Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mol Microbiol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;16&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 817&amp;ndash;24.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7476180&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7476180&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-29&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-29&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J (2004). &amp;quot;Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biochemistry&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;43&lt;/b&gt;(51): 15996&amp;ndash;6010.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048221v&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1021/bi048221v&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609994&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15609994&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-30&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-30&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/newsletter/misc/DNA.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Designation of the two strands of DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;JCBN/NC-IUB Newsletter 1989. 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class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15851066&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-32&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-32&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Munroe S (2004). &amp;quot;Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Cell Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;93&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 664&amp;ndash;71.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20252&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1002/jcb.20252&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389973&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15389973&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-33&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-33&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Makalowska I, Lin C, Makalowski W (2005). &amp;quot;Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comput Biol Chem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 1&amp;ndash;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.12.006&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680581&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15680581&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-34&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-34&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Johnson Z, Chisholm S (2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genome Res&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(11): 2268&amp;ndash;72.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2433104&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1101/gr.2433104&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;525685&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520290&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15520290&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-35&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-35&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Lamb R, Horvath C (1991). &amp;quot;Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trends Genet&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(8): 261&amp;ndash;6.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2891%2990326-L&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-36&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Benham C, Mielke S (2005). &amp;quot;DNA mechanics&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annu Rev Biomed Eng&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;: 21&amp;ndash;53.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004565&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Wang J (2002). &amp;quot;Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6): 430&amp;ndash;40.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm831&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-39&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Basu H, Feuerstein B, Zarling D, Shafer R, Marton L (1988). &amp;quot;Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Biomol Struct Dyn&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 299&amp;ndash;309.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; 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padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. 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Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;the original&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on 2007-06-12.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). &amp;quot;The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. 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Franklin R. and Gosling R.G&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;171&lt;/b&gt;(4356): 740&amp;ndash;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1953Natur.171..740F&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/171740a0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054694&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;13054694&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-NatWilk-42&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatWilk_42-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatWilk_42-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Wilkins M.H.F., A.R. Stokes A.R. &amp;amp; Wilson, H.R. (1953).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;171&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4356): 738&amp;ndash;740.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..738W&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1953Natur.171..738W&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171738a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/171738a0&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054693&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;13054693&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-43&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-43&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (1980). &amp;quot;Polymorphism of DNA double helices&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J. 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padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086319&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12086319&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-50&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-50&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Oh D, Kim Y, Rich A (2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;99&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(26): 16666&amp;ndash;71.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916666O&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2002PNAS...9916666O&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.262672699&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;139201&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486233&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12486233&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-51&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_51-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation news&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;. 2 December 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2 December 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Space-52&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Space_52-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Space_52-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation news&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Bortman, Henry (2 December 2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.space.com/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Space.Com web site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Space.com)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 2 December 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-53&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-53&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Katsnelson, Alla (2 December 2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature News&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.645&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/news.2010.645&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Nature-54&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nature_54-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.&amp;gt;, Cressey (3 October 2012). &amp;quot;'Arsenic-life' Bacterium Prefers Phosphorus after all&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature News&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2012.11520&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/news.2012.11520&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Greider-55&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Greider_55-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Greider_55-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Greider C, Blackburn E (1985). &amp;quot;Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;43&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2 Pt 1): 405&amp;ndash;13.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3907856&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3907856&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Nugent-56&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Nugent_56-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Nugent C, Lundblad V (1998). &amp;quot;The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genes Dev&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(8): 1073&amp;ndash;85.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1101/gad.12.8.1073&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9553037&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9553037&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-57&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-57&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Wright W, Tesmer V, Huffman K, Levene S, Shay J (1997).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genes Dev&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;11&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(21): 2801&amp;ndash;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1101/gad.11.21.2801&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;316649&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353250&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9353250&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-58&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-58&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;NDB UD0017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Burge-59&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Burge_59-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Burge_59-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Burge S, Parkinson G, Hazel P, Todd A, Neidle S (2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nucleic Acids Res&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;34&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(19): 5402&amp;ndash;15.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/nar/gkl655&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1636468&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012276&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;17012276&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-60&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-60&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Parkinson G, Lee M, Neidle S (2002). &amp;quot;Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;417&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6891): 876&amp;ndash;80.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature755&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature755&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12050675&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12050675&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-61&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-61&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Griffith J, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel R, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T (1999). &amp;quot;Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;97&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 503&amp;ndash;14.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338214&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10338214&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-62&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-62&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Seeman NC (2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Q. Rev. Biophys.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;38&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 363&amp;ndash;71.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583505004087&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1017/S0033583505004087&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3478329&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515737&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16515737&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-pmid7115900-63&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid7115900_63-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Painter PC, Mosher LE, Rhoads C (1982). &amp;quot;Low-frequency modes in the Raman spectra of proteins&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Biopolymers&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;21&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7): 1469&amp;ndash;72.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.360210715&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1002/bip.360210715&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7115900&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7115900&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Urabe_1983-64&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Urabe_1983_64-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Urabe H, Tominaga Y, Kubota K (1983). &amp;quot;Experimental evidence of collective vibrations in DNA double helix (Raman spectroscopy)&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Journal of Chemical Physics&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;78&lt;/b&gt;(10): 5937&amp;ndash;5939.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JChPh..78.5937U&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1983JChPh..78.5937U&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.444600&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1063/1.444600&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-pmid6466317-65&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid6466317_65-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Chou KC (1984).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143999&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Low-frequency vibrations of DNA molecules&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biochem. J.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;221&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 27&amp;ndash;31.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143999&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1143999&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6466317&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;6466317&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-pmid2775828-66&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-pmid2775828_66-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Chou KC, Maggiora GM, Mao B (1989).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280479&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Quasi-continuum models of twist-like and accordion-like low-frequency motions in DNA&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biophys. J.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;56&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 295&amp;ndash;305.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BpJ....56..295C&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1989BpJ....56..295C&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2889%2982676-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82676-1&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280479&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1280479&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2775828&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2775828&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-67&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-67&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Hu Q, Rosenfeld MG. 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Front Genet. 3:238. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00238.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;external mw-magiclink-pmid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133442?dopt=Abstract&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PMID 23133442&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-68&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-68&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Klose R, Bird A (2006). &amp;quot;Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trends Biochem Sci&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;31&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 89&amp;ndash;97.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.12.008&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.tibs.2005.12.008&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; 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color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Bird A (2002). &amp;quot;DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genes Dev&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;16&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 6&amp;ndash;21.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.947102&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1101/gad.947102&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11782440&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11782440&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-70&quot; 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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;301&lt;/b&gt;: 283&amp;ndash;315.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31390-7_11&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1007/3-540-31390-7_11&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-29114-8&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/3-540-29114-8&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;3-540-29114-8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16570853&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16570853&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-71&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-71&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;324&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5929): 929&amp;ndash;30.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..929K&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2009Sci...324..929K&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1169786&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1126/science.1169786&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3263819&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372393&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19372393&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-72&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-72&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Ratel D, Ravanat J, Berger F, Wion D (2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;N6-methyladenine: the other methylated base of DNA&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;BioEssays&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(3): 309&amp;ndash;15.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20342&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1002/bies.20342&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2754416&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479578&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16479578&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-73&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-73&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Gommers-Ampt J, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer A, Vliegenthart J, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak J, Crain P, Borst P (1993). &amp;quot;beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;75&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6): 1129&amp;ndash;36.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990322-H&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/0092-8674(93)90322-H&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8261512&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;8261512&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-74&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-74&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1JDG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-75&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-75&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Douki T, Reynaud-Angelin A, Cadet J, Sage E (2003). &amp;quot;Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biochemistry&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt;(30): 9221&amp;ndash;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi034593c&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1021/bi034593c&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885257&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12885257&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-76&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-76&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget J, Ravanat J, Sauvaigo S (1999). &amp;quot;Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mutat Res&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;424&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1&amp;ndash;2): 9&amp;ndash;21.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900004-4&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00004-4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10064846&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10064846&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-77&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-77&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997). &amp;quot;Oxidative decay of DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J. Biol. Chem.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;272&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(32): 19633&amp;ndash;6.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.32.19633&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1074/jbc.272.32.19633&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289489&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9289489&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-78&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-78&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Valerie K, Povirk L (2003). &amp;quot;Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Oncogene&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;(37): 5792&amp;ndash;812.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206679&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/sj.onc.1206679&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947387&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12947387&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Weinberg-79&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Weinberg_79-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation news&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Johnson, George (28 December 2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times&quot; title=&quot;The New York Times&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;The New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;quot;If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-80&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-80&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Alberts, B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Preventable Causes of Cancer&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Molecular biology of the cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4072-9&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-8153-4072-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-8153-4072-9&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;quot;A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-81&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-81&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damages (Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. open access, but read only&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external free&quot; href=&quot;https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAdUlEQVQYV2P4//8/Awxv3LThf0dXKxyD+DA5DEUg+tWrV2AaWTFcIboJyJrhCtGtRMcgebhpL2/4/v//Lvn//x+7IRjIfn8v+P/t055gxZgKPzaC8Y/nMYQVLpnM8f/zo3AqKfzyOOL/h/sh/59c9sBUSIyvAeRdJWjk4E//AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604565810&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 1604565810&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604565812&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-1604565812&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-82&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-82&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). &amp;quot;DNA damage, aging, and cancer&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;N. Engl. J. Med.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;361&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(15): 1475&amp;ndash;85.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1056/NEJMra0804615&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812404&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19812404&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-83&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-83&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Freitas AA, de Magalh&amp;atilde;es JP (2011). &amp;quot;A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mutat. Res.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;728&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1&amp;ndash;2): 12&amp;ndash;22.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600302&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;21600302&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-84&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-84&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; 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href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11236998&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11236998&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-91&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-91&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Gregory T (2005). &amp;quot;The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ann Bot (Lond)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;95&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 133&amp;ndash;46.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci009&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/aob/mci009&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596463&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15596463&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-92&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-92&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;The ENCODE Project Consortium (2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;447&lt;/b&gt;(7146): 799&amp;ndash;816.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..799B&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2007Natur.447..799B&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature05874&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2212820&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17571346&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;17571346&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-93&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-93&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1MSW&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1MSW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-94&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-94&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Pidoux A, Allshire R (2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The role of heterochromatin in centromere function&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;360&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1455): 569&amp;ndash;79.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1611&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1098/rstb.2004.1611&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1569473&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905142&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15905142&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-95&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-95&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Harrison P, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe N, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (2002).&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Molecular Fossils in the Human Genome: Identification and Analysis of the Pseudogenes in Chromosomes 21 and 22&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genome Res&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 272&amp;ndash;80.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.207102&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1101/gr.207102&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;155275&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11827946&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11827946&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-96&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-96&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). &amp;quot;Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Mol Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;318&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 1155&amp;ndash;74.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2900109-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083509&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12083509&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-97&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-97&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Alb&amp;agrave; 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style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1007/s000180050259&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893710&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44208-0&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44208-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;978-3-540-44208-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596902&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12596902&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-103&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-103&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Thomas J (2001). &amp;quot;HMG1 and 2: architectural DNA-binding proteins&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biochem Soc Trans&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Pt 4): 395&amp;ndash;401.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0290395&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1042/BST0290395&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11497996&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11497996&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-104&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-104&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Grosschedl R, Giese K, Pagel J (1994). &amp;quot;HMG domain proteins: architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trends Genet&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(3): 94&amp;ndash;100.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; 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title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10409239991209255&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1080/10409239991209255&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473346&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10473346&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-106&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-106&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1LMB&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1LMB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-107&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-107&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Myers L, Kornberg R (2000). &amp;quot;Mediator of transcriptional regulation&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annu Rev Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;69&lt;/b&gt;: 729&amp;ndash;49.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.729&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.729&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966474&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10966474&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-108&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-108&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Spiegelman B, Heinrich R (2004). &amp;quot;Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;119&lt;/b&gt;(2): 157&amp;ndash;67.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.09.037&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.037&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; 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class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;100&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(14): 8164&amp;ndash;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8164L&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2003PNAS..100.8164L&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1332764100&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.1332764100&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;166200&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12808131&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12808131&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-110&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-110&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1RVA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1RVA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-111&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-111&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Bickle T, Kr&amp;uuml;ger D (1993).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Biology of DNA restriction&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;Microbiol Rev&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;57&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 434&amp;ndash;50.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;372918&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8336674&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;8336674&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Doherty-112&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Doherty_112-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Doherty_112-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Doherty A, Suh S (2000).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nucleic Acids Res&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;(21): 4051&amp;ndash;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4051&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/nar/28.21.4051&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;113121&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058099&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11058099&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-113&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-113&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Schoeffler A, Berger J (2005). &amp;quot;Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biochem Soc Trans&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;33&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Pt 6): 1465&amp;ndash;70.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST20051465&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1042/BST20051465&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16246147&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16246147&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-114&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-114&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Tuteja N, Tuteja R (2004). &amp;quot;Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Eur J Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;271&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(10): 1849&amp;ndash;63.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15128295&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15128295&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Joyce-115&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Joyce_115-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Joyce C, Steitz T (1995).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Polymerase structures and function: variations on a theme?&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Bacteriol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;177&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(22): 6321&amp;ndash;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;177480&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7592405&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7592405&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-116&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-116&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Hubscher U, Maga G, Spadari S (2002). &amp;quot;Eukaryotic DNA polymerases&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annu Rev Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;71&lt;/b&gt;: 133&amp;ndash;63.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; 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class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045093&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12045093&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-117&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-117&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Johnson A, O'Donnell M (2005). &amp;quot;Cellular DNA replicases: components and dynamics at the replication fork&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annu Rev Biochem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;74&lt;/b&gt;: 283&amp;ndash;315.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073859&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952889&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15952889&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-118&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-118&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Tarrago-Litvak L, Andr&amp;eacute;ola M, Nevinsky G, Sarih-Cottin L, Litvak S (1 May 1994). &amp;quot;The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1: from enzymology to therapeutic intervention&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;FASEB J&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(8): 497&amp;ndash;503.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; 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color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Martinez E (2002). &amp;quot;Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Plant Mol Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;50&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6): 925&amp;ndash;47.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021258713850&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1023/A:1021258713850&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516863&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12516863&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-120&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-120&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Created from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1M6G&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PDB 1M6G&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-121&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-121&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Cremer T, Cremer C (2001). &amp;quot;Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nat Rev Genet&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4): 292&amp;ndash;301.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35066075&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/35066075&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283701&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11283701&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-122&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-122&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;P&amp;aacute;l C, Papp B, Lercher M (2006). &amp;quot;An integrated view of protein evolution&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nat Rev Genet&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 337&amp;ndash;48.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1838&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nrg1838&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619049&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...89.2614S&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1992PNAS...89.2614S&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.2614&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.89.7.2614&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48712&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;48712&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1372984&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1372984&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-131&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-131&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Lindahl T (1993). &amp;quot;Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;362&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6422): 709&amp;ndash;15.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..709L&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); 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class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8469282&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;8469282&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-132&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-132&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D (2000). &amp;quot;Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;407&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6806): 897&amp;ndash;900.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35038060&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/35038060&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11057666&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11057666&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-133&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-133&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Hebsgaard M, Phillips M, Willerslev E (2005). &amp;quot;Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trends Microbiol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 212&amp;ndash;20.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.03.010&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.010&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866038&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;15866038&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-134&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-134&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Nickle D, Learn G, Rain M, Mullins J, Mittler J (2002). &amp;quot;Curiously modern DNA for a &amp;quot;250 million-year-old&amp;quot; bacterium&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Mol Evol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;54&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 134&amp;ndash;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-001-0025-x&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00239-001-0025-x&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734907&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11734907&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Callahan-135&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Callahan_135-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation web&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Callahan, M.P.; Smith, K.E.; Cleaves, H.J.; Ruzica, J.; Stern, J.C.; Glavin, D.P.; House, C.H.; Dworkin, J.P. (11 August 2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/10/1106493108&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS&quot; title=&quot;PNAS&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PNAS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106493108&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.1106493108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 15 August 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Steigerwald-136&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Steigerwald_136-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation web&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Steigerwald, John (8 August 2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA&quot; title=&quot;NASA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 10 August 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-DNA-137&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-DNA_137-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation web&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;ScienceDaily Staff (9 August 2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110808220659.htm&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space, NASA Evidence Suggests&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceDaily&quot; title=&quot;ScienceDaily&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 9 August 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-138&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-138&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Goff SP, Berg P (1976). &amp;quot;Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cell&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4 PT 2): 695&amp;ndash;705.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2876%2990133-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/0092-8674(76)90133-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/189942&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;189942&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-139&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-139&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Houdebine L (2007). &amp;quot;Transgenic animal models in biomedical research&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Methods Mol Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;360&lt;/b&gt;: 163&amp;ndash;202.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1385/1-59745-165-7:163&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59745-165-7&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/1-59745-165-7&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;1-59745-165-7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172731&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;17172731&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-140&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-140&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Daniell H, Dhingra A (2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Curr Opin Biotechnol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 136&amp;ndash;41.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2802%2900297-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00297-5&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3481857&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950565&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11950565&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-141&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-141&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Job D (2002). &amp;quot;Plant biotechnology in agriculture&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Biochimie&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;84&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(11): 1105&amp;ndash;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900013-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595138&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12595138&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-142&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-142&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Collins A, Morton N (1994).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Likelihood ratios for DNA identification&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;91&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(13): 6007&amp;ndash;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6007C&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1994PNAS...91.6007C&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.13.6007&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.91.13.6007&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;44126&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016106&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;8016106&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-143&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-143&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Weir B, Triggs C, Starling L, Stowell L, Walsh K, Buckleton J (1997). &amp;quot;Interpreting DNA mixtures&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Forensic Sci&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 213&amp;ndash;22.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068179&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;9068179&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-144&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-144&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Jeffreys A, Wilson V, Thein S (1985). &amp;quot;Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;316&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6023): 76&amp;ndash;9.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.316...76J&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1985Natur.316...76J&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F316076a0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/316076a0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2989708&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2989708&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-145&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-145&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20061214004903/http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Colin Pitchfork&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 December 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-146&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-146&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation web&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;. National Institute of Justice. September 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-147&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-147&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Baldi&quot; title=&quot;Pierre Baldi&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Baldi, Pierre&lt;/a&gt;; Brunak, Soren (2001).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach&lt;/i&gt;. MIT Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02506-5&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02506-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;978-0-262-02506-5&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&quot; title=&quot;OCLC&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45951728&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;45951728&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-148&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-148&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Gusfield, Dan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press&quot; title=&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Press&lt;/a&gt;, 15 January 1997.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521585194&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-58519-4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-149&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-149&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Sj&amp;ouml;lander K (2004). &amp;quot;Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Bioinformatics&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;20&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 170&amp;ndash;9.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbth021&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1093/bioinformatics/bth021&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734307&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;14734307&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Mount-150&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Mount_150-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Mount DM (2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2 ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-712-1&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-87969-712-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-87969-712-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&quot; title=&quot;OCLC&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;OCLC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55106399&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;55106399&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-151&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-151&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Rothemund PW (2006). &amp;quot;Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;440&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7082): 297&amp;ndash;302.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..297R&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2006Natur.440..297R&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04586&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature04586&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16541064&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16541064&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-152&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-152&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Andersen ES, Dong M, Nielsen MM (2009). &amp;quot;Self-assembly of a nanoscale DNA box with a controllable lid&amp;quot;.&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;459&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7243): 73&amp;ndash;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459...73A&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2009Natur.459...73A&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07971&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature07971&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424153&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19424153&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-153&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-153&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Ishitsuka Y, Ha T (2009). &amp;quot;DNA nanotechnology: a nanomachine goes live&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nat Nanotechnol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5): 281&amp;ndash;2.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatNa...4..281I&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2009NatNa...4..281I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2009.101&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nnano.2009.101&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19421208&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19421208&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-154&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-154&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Aldaye FA, Palmer AL, Sleiman HF (2008). &amp;quot;Assembling materials with DNA as the guide&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;321&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(5897): 1795&amp;ndash;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1795A&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2008Sci...321.1795A&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1154533&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1126/science.1154533&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818351&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;18818351&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-155&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-155&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Wray G; Martindale, Mark Q. (2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Dating branches on the Tree of Life using DNA&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genome Biol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): reviews0001.1&amp;ndash;reviews0001.7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.1999.99010.x&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1046/j.1525-142X.1999.99010.x&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;150454&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806830&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11806830&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-156&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-156&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lost Tribes of Israel&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(TV_series)&quot; title=&quot;Nova (TV series)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;NOVA&lt;/a&gt;, PBS airdate: 22 February 2000. Transcript available from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;PBS.org&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved 4 March 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-157&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-157&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Kleiman, Yaakov.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Cohanim/DNA Connection: The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition&amp;quot;.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;aish.com&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(13 January 2000). Retrieved 4 March 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-158&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-158&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, Shaoni.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4908&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Killer convicted thanks to relative's DNA&amp;quot;.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;newscientist.com&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(20 April 2004). Retrieved 22 December 06.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-159&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-159&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Goldman, Nick; Bertone, Paul; Chen, Siyuan; Dessimoz, Christophe; LeProust, Emily M.; Sipos, Botond; Birney, Ewan (23 January 2013).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;494&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7435): 77&amp;ndash;80.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11875&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature11875&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;3672958&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354052&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;23354052&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-160&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-160&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation news&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Naik, Gautam (24 January 2013).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324539304578259883507543150.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Storing Digital Data in DNA&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal&quot; title=&quot;Wall Street Journal&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 24 January 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-161&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-161&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Dahm R (2008). &amp;quot;Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hum. Genet.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;122&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6): 565&amp;ndash;81.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-007-0433-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901982&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;17901982&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-162&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Yale_Jones_1953_162-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Jones, Mary Ellen (September 1953).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&quot; title=&quot;National Center for Biotechnology Information&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;National Center for Biotechnology Information&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;b&gt;26&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 80&amp;ndash;97.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2599350&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13103145&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;13103145&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-163&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-163&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Levene P, (1 December 1919). &amp;quot;The structure of yeast nucleic acid&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Biol Chem&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;40&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2): 415&amp;ndash;24.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-164&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-164&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Astbury W, (1947). &amp;quot;Nucleic acid&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Symp. SOC. Exp. Biol.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(66).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Soyfer-165&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-Soyfer_165-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Valery N. Soyfer (2001). &amp;quot;The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature Reviews Genetics&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(9): 723&amp;ndash;729.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35088598&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/35088598&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533721&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;11533721&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-166&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-166&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1994).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Microbiol. Rev.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;58&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(3): 563&amp;ndash;602.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;372978&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7968924&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;7968924&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-167&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-167&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Avery O, MacLeod C, McCarty M (1944).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type Iii&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Exp Med&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;79&lt;/b&gt;(2): 137&amp;ndash;158.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.79.2.137&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1084/jem.79.2.137&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2135445&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19871359&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;19871359&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-168&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-168&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Hershey A, Chase M (1952).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J Gen Physiol&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;36&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 39&amp;ndash;56.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.36.1.39&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1085/jgp.36.1.39&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;2147348&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12981234&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12981234&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-169&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-169&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;The B-DNA X-ray pattern&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;on the right of this linked image&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was obtained by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin&quot; title=&quot;Rosalind Franklin&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Rosalind Franklin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gosling&quot; title=&quot;Raymond Gosling&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Raymond Gosling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as &amp;quot;Photo 51&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-NatureDNA50-170&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-NatureDNA50_170-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Nature Archives&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-171&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-171&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation web&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Original X-ray diffraction image&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;. Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved 6 February 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-172&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-172&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962&lt;/a&gt;Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 December 06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-173&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-173&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Brenda Maddox (23 January 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;421&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6921): 407&amp;ndash;408.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01399&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature01399&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540909&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12540909&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-174&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-174&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;Crick, F.H.C.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF).&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Retrieved 22 December 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-175&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-175&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Meselson M, Stahl F (1958).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;44&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(7): 671&amp;ndash;82.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode&quot; title=&quot;Bibcode&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Bibcode&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PNAS...44..671M&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;1958PNAS...44..671M&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.44.7.671&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.44.7.671&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Central&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;528642&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590258&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;16590258&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-176&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_ref-176&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-text&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968&lt;/a&gt;Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Further_reading&quot;&gt;Further reading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;refbegin references-column-width&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; -webkit-column-width: 30em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Berry, Andrew;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson&quot; title=&quot;James Watson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Watson, James&lt;/a&gt;. (2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;DNA: the secret of life&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41546-7&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-375-41546-7&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-375-41546-7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Calladine, Chris R.; Drew, Horace R.; Luisi, Ben F. and Travers, Andrew A. (2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Understanding DNA: the molecule &amp;amp; how it works&lt;/i&gt;. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-155089-3&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-12-155089-3&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-12-155089-3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Dennis, Carina; Julie Clayton (2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;50 years of DNA&lt;/i&gt;. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1479-6&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/1-4039-1479-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;1-4039-1479-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson&quot; title=&quot;Horace Freeland Judson&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Judson, Horace F&lt;/a&gt;. 1979.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology&lt;/i&gt;. Touchstone Books,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671225405&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-671-22540-5&lt;/a&gt;. 2nd edition: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996 paperback:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879694785&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-87969-478-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Olby&quot; title=&quot;Robert Olby&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Olby, Robert C.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1994).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The path to the double helix: the discovery of DNA&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Dover Publications.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-486-68117-3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;, first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick;the definitive DNA textbook,revised in 1994 with a 9 page postscript&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;Micklas, David. 2003.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;DNA Science: A First Course&lt;/i&gt;. Cold Spring Harbor Press:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879696368&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-87969-636-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Ridley&quot; title=&quot;Matt Ridley&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Ridley, Matt&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Francis Crick: discoverer of the genetic code&lt;/i&gt;. Ashland, OH: Eminent Lives, Atlas Books.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-06-082333-X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;Olby, Robert C. (2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Francis Crick: A Biography&lt;/i&gt;. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-798-9&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-87969-798-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-87969-798-9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;Rosenfeld, Israel. 2010.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World&lt;/i&gt;. Columbia University Press:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231142717&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-231-14271-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;Schultz, Mark and Zander Cannon. 2009.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA&lt;/i&gt;. Hill and Wang:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809089475&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8090-8947-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Stent&quot; title=&quot;Gunther Stent&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Stent, Gunther Siegmund&lt;/a&gt;; Watson, James. (1980).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix&quot; title=&quot;The Double Helix&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Norton.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95075-1&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-393-95075-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-393-95075-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;Watson, James. 2004.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;DNA: The Secret of Life&lt;/i&gt;. Random House:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099451846&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN 978-0-09-945184-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation book&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins&quot; title=&quot;Maurice Wilkins&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Wilkins, Maurice&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge, Eng: University Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&quot; title=&quot;International Standard Book Number&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6&quot; title=&quot;Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;0-19-860665-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 style=&quot;background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;External_links&quot;&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot;vertical-navbox nowraplinks infobox bordered&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif; width: auto; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;th style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); font-size: 1em;&quot;&gt;Library resources&lt;/th&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;th style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;About DNA&lt;/th&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;plainlist&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;amp;su=DNA&amp;amp;library=OLBP&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Online books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;amp;su=DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Resources in your library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;amp;su=DNA&amp;amp;library=0CHOOSE0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Resources in other libraries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot;metadata mbox-small plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;mbox-image&quot; style=&quot;border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; height=&quot;40&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/80px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;mbox-text plainlist&quot; style=&quot;border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 161.3249969482422px;&quot;&gt;Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/DNA&quot; class=&quot;extiw&quot; title=&quot;q:Special:Search/DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;table class=&quot;metadata mbox-small plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11.199999809265137px; clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;mbox-image&quot; style=&quot;border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;30&quot; height=&quot;40&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;mbox-text plainlist&quot; style=&quot;border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 170.9250030517578px;&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons has media related to:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA&quot; class=&quot;extiw&quot; title=&quot;commons:Category:DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/tbody&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;section_SpokenWikipedia&quot; class=&quot;infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 20em; font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Listen to this article&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dna.ogg&quot; title=&quot;File:Dna.ogg&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;info/dl&lt;/a&gt;)<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width: 230.39999389648438px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;floatnone&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mediaContainer&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; width: 200px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mwPlayerContainer k-player&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 200px; height: 23px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;videoHolder&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;mwEmbedPlayer&quot; id=&quot;mwe_player_0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 200px; height: 23px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf12/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png&quot; class=&quot;playerPoster&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 88.5px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 23px; width: 23px;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div title=&quot;Play clip&quot; class=&quot;play-btn-large&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -35px; margin-right: auto; width: 70px; height: 55px; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z); position: absolute; cursor: pointer; z-index: 1; border: none; left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-top: -27.5px; background-position: 0px -433px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;ui-state-default ui-widget-header ui-helper-clearfix control-bar block&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); line-height: normal; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); height: 20px; padding: 2px 0px 0px 6px; margin-top: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; position: absolute; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; z-index: 2; background-position: 0px -81px; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div title=&quot;Player options&quot; class=&quot;ui-state-default ui-corner-bl rButton k-options&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: -2px; padding: 0px; width: 50px; height: 21px; position: relative; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; top: 4px;&quot;&gt;MENU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;ui-slider ui-slider-horizontal rButton volume-slider ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; border: medium none; position: relative; text-align: left; height: 16px; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: 2px; padding: 0px; width: 20px; direction: ltr; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;ui-slider-range ui-widget-header ui-slider-range-min&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: 0px; line-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold; position: absolute; z-index: 1; font-size: 0.7em; top: 0px; height: 17px; left: 0px; width: 16px; background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf13/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/MwEmbedModules/EmbedPlayer/resources/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?2013-08-15T15:16:40Z) !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-position: -66px -306px !important; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div title=&quot;Volume control&quot; class=&quot;ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link rButton volume_control&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 121, 170); padding: 0px; position: relative; cursor: pointer; float: right; list-style: none outside none; margin-top: 2px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;ui-widget time-disp&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 11px; border: medium none; display: inline; line-height: 20px; overflow: hidden; width: 39px; float: right;&quot;&gt;0:00&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div title=&quot;Play clip&quot; class=&quot;ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link lButton play-btn&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 121, 170); padding: 0px; position: relative; cursor: pointer; float: left; list-style: none outside none; width: 19px; height: 16px; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; border-top-left-radius: 5px !important; border-top-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float: left; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;floatnone&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;45&quot; height=&quot;34&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x&quot; style=&quot;border: none; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;&quot;&gt;This audio file was created from a revision of the &amp;quot;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&amp;quot; article dated 2007-02-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Media help&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;Audio help&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Spoken articles&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;More spoken articles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br /> &lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Biomolecules/Nucleic_Acids/DNA//&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project&quot; title=&quot;Open Directory Project&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Open Directory Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://pipe.scs.fsu.edu/displar.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA binding site prediction on protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA the Double Helix Game&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;From the official Nobel Prize web site&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.fidelitysystems.com/Unlinked_DNA.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA under electron microscope&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.dnalc.org/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Dolan DNA Learning Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Double Helix: 50 years of DNA&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)&quot; title=&quot;Nature (journal)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia&quot; title=&quot;Proteopedia&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Proteopedia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia&quot; title=&quot;Proteopedia&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Proteopedia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Forms_of_DNA&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Forms_of_DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/encode/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;ENCODE threads explorer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ENCODE Home page.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)&quot; title=&quot;Nature (journal)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Nature (journal)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Double Helix 1953&amp;ndash;2003&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;National Centre for Biotechnology Education&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genome.gov/10506718&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Genetic Education Modules for Teachers&lt;/a&gt;&amp;mdash;&lt;i&gt;DNA from the Beginning&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Study Guide&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank&quot; title=&quot;Protein Data Bank&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PDB Molecule of the Month&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb23_1.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;pdb23_1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://mason.gmu.edu/~emoody/rfranklin.html&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the study of DNA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.genome.gov/10506367&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;U.S. National DNA Day&lt;/a&gt;&amp;mdash;watch videos and participate in real-time chat with top scientists&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Clue to chemistry of heredity found&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times&quot; title=&quot;The New York Times&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;The New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;June 1953. First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation journal&quot; style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Olby&quot; title=&quot;Robert Olby&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;Olby R&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2003). &amp;quot;Quiet debut for the double helix&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;421&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6921): 402&amp;ndash;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&quot; title=&quot;Digital object identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature01397&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier&quot; title=&quot;PubMed Identifier&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540907&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;12540907&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.dnaftb.org/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;DNA from the Beginning&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA, genes, and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0660a.html#abstract&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 2007&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at Mandeville Special Collections Library,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego&quot; title=&quot;University of California, San Diego&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;&quot;&gt;University of California, San Diego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.9746!/file/Crick%20letter%20to%20Michael.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Seven-page, handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12-year-old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/crick-s-medal-goes-under-the-hammer-1.12705&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;&quot;&gt;Crick&amp;rsquo;s medal goes under the hammer&lt;/a&gt;, Nature, 5 April 2013.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Jonathan_Rothberg&diff=4671 Jonathan Rothberg 2013-08-25T01:09:08Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Jonathan M. Rothberg (born 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Jonathan was born in New Haven, Connecticut the son of Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg a chemical engineer. &amp;nbsp;Prior to Jonathan's birth, Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned, global manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. &amp;nbsp;Jonathan's family established the foundation for his scientific career; early on, he was heavily influenced by his father's engineering background and problem solving abilities, as well as his mother's belief that he would &amp;quot;do good science.&amp;quot;[1]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Education and scientific career&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;INSTITUTION AND LOCATION&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;DEGREE&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;YEAR&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;FIELD OF STUDY&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Ph.D.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;M.Phil.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1988&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;M.S.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1987&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;B.S.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1985&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Chemical Engineering &amp;ndash; &amp;nbsp;option in Biomedical Engineering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg earned a B.S. in Chemical Engineering with an option in Biomedical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA in 1985. &amp;nbsp;After completing college at Carnegie Mellon, Jonathan went on to attend Yale University and earn a M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in biology. &amp;nbsp;His thesis at Yale focused on decoding a gene called slit responsible for wiring the nervous system. &amp;nbsp;Jonathan's thesis work resulted in publication of a cover article in the journal Cell in 1988. &amp;crarr;While a graduate student at Yale Jonathan founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies (CellDex Therapeutics acquired CuraGen in fall of 2009).[2] &amp;nbsp;At CuraGen, Jonathan and his team focused on how the proteins encoded in a genome function together, and published the first global proteomic maps of a eukaryotic cell and a metazoan organism (featured on the covers of Nature and Science) and developed drugs for the treatment of metastatic skin and breast cancer.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg brought to market the first next-generation sequencer and has been a pioneering entrepreneur in the field of massively parallel DNA sequencing[citation needed]. He founded 454 Life Sciences Corporation, later acquired by Roche Diagnostics, and Ion Torrent, companies that have commercialized technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly reduced the cost of sequencing a genome. His team at 454 Life Sciences and the Baylor College of Medicine Genome Center was the first to complete and make public the sequence of an individual human genome (James D. Watson[3][4]). Published in Nature magazine, that genome was made publicly on GenBank and browsable via the efforts of Lincoln Stein's group [5] contributing significantly to the new field of personal genomics. &amp;nbsp;Rothberg also initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project in collaboration with Svante P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo's group.[6]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Under his tenure, 454 Life Sciences worked with collaborators to crack the mystery behind the disappearance of the honey bee, uncover a new virus killing transplant patients, and elucidate the extent of individual human variation&amp;mdash;work recognized by Science magazine as the breakthrough of the year for 2007. The collective work of Dr. Rothberg's team, their collaborators and ultimately their customers, included projects as diverse as uncovering the complexity of life in the World's oceans and sequencing the extinct wooly mammoth.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The New England Journal described Dr. Rothberg&amp;rsquo;s sequencing innovation as &amp;quot;The New Age of Molecular Diagnostics for Microbial Agents.&amp;quot; Science magazine called it one of the top 10 breakthroughs for 2008. Dr. Rothberg has appeared on CNBC, CNN, and Bloomberg TV for his pioneering work in the field of genomic medicine, has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine, and his scientific work has been featured on the covers of leading scientific journals including Cell, Science, and Nature. His contribution to sequencing, include both the first non-bacterial cloning systems (cloning by limited dilution), as well as the first massively parallel DNA sequencing method (sequencing by synthesis on a single substrate in parallel), concepts that have formed the basis for all subsequence next generation sequencing technologies.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering, and is a life of trustees of Carnegie Mellon University.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Positions and honors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Positions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2007&amp;ndash;2013 Founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board, Ion Torrent, Inc., Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Board of Trustees, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Co-Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman, RainDance Technologies, Inc., Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2001&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Founder, Chairman of the Board, Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2000-2007 &amp;nbsp;Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman of the Board, 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1999-2007 &amp;nbsp;Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, Clarifi, Boca Raton&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1998&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Board Member, Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1993-2005 &amp;nbsp;Founder, CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board, CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991-1993 &amp;nbsp;Post-Doctoral Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Honors and awards&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 CBA Brilliant Achievement Award&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 DGKL Biochemical Analysis Prize for development of massively parallel DNA &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; sequencing&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Mount Sinai School of Medicine&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2010 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer (First person to be awarded three times)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2010 &amp;nbsp;Connecticut Medal of Technology[7]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2008 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2007 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2006 R &amp;amp; D 100 Awards for 454 Life Sciences&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005 Wall Street Journal 2005 Technology Innovation Awards, Gold Medal Winner&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005 &amp;nbsp;Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004 &amp;nbsp;National Academy of Engineering&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2000 &amp;nbsp;The Irvington Institute&amp;rsquo;s Corporate Leadership Award in Science&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1998 &amp;nbsp;Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991 &amp;nbsp;John Spangler Nicholas Prize for the outstanding Doctoral candidate in Experimental Zoology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1985-1989 &amp;nbsp;National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Professional memberships&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004-2008 &amp;nbsp;Member, Young Presidents&amp;rsquo; Organization&amp;crarr;National Academy of Engineering&amp;crarr;Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering&amp;crarr;Carnegie Mellon University Board of Trustees&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Companies&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;CuraGen&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In 1991, Rothberg founded New Haven-based CuraGen, one of the first companies to develop drugs based on genomics. While at CuraGen, he developed a series of new medicines, in over 14 human clinical trials, for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. CuraGen however never released any drug to market.[8]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;454 Life Sciences&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In 1999, Rothberg founded 454 Life Sciences, based in Branford (CT), which pioneered an entirely new way to sequence genomes.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Ion Torrent&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg founded Ion Torrent in 2007, who developed ion semiconductor sequencing which is utilized by their PGM DNA sequencer.[9]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg is a founder of the Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RainDance Technologies&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Founded first company to use droplet based microfluidics&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Selected Publications&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg, J.M. et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, July 2011. 348-352.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Alexander Mellmann., Dag Harmsen., Craig A. Cummings., Emily B. Zentz, Shana R. Leopold, Alain Rico, Karola Prior, Rafael Szczepanowski, Yongmei Ji, Wenlan Zhang, Stephen F. McLaughlin, John K. Henkhaus, Benjamin Leopold, Martina Bielaszewska, Rita Prager, Pius M. Brzoska, Richard L. Moore, Simone Guenther, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Helge Karch. Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLOS one, Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2011.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;E. Brouzes, M. Medkova, N Savenelli, D. Marran, M. Twardowski, J. B. Hutchinon, J. J. M. Rothberg, D.R. Link, N. Perrimon, M. L. Samuels. &amp;nbsp;Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high thoughput screening. PNAS, July &amp;nbsp;2009, Vol. 106, no. 106&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek,,Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang,,Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Michael J. Kozal. Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Na&amp;iuml;ve Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199:693-701.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Richard E Green, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Johannes Krause, Adrian W Briggs, Philip L F Johnson, Caroline Uhler, Matthias Meyer, Jeffrey M Good, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Kay Pr&amp;uuml;fer, Michael Siebauer, Hern&amp;aacute;n A Burbano, Michael Ronan, Jonathan M Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajković, Zeljko Kućan, Ivan Gusić, M&amp;aring;rten Wikstr&amp;ouml;m, Liisa Laakkonen, Janet Kelso, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo. A complete neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. &amp;nbsp;[Cover Paper] Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134 (3):416-26&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;David A Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L Turcotte, Gerard P Irzyk, James R Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-Zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs, Jonathan M Rothberg. &amp;nbsp;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008 Apr 17;452 (7189):872-6&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg. High-Throughput, Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing Technology for the Era of Personalized Medicine? Gene Therapy and Regulation, 2007, vol. 2, no. 1, 15-31.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;John H. Leamon and Jonathan M. Rothberg. Cramming More Sequencing Reactions onto Microreactor Chips. Chemical Reviews, 2007 Aug; 107(8):3367-76.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Green, R.E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Paunovic, M., and P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo, S.: Analysis of one million base pairs of Neandertal DNA. [Cover Paper] Nature 444, 330-336.16 November 2006&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 216. Published online 2006 August 23.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Stiller, M., Green, R.E., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Du, L., He, W., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Keates, S.G., Ovodov, N.D., Antipina, E.E., Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmin, Y.V., Vasilevski, A.A., Wuenschell, G.E., Termini, J., Hofreiter, M., Jaenicke-Despr&amp;eacute;s, V., and P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo, S.: Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA. PNAS, September 12, 2006, vol. 103, no. 37, 13578-13584.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Thomas RK, Nickerson E, Simons JF, Janne PA, Tengs T, Yuza Y, Garraway LA, Laframboise T, Lee JC, Shah K, O'neill K, Sasaki H, Lindeman N, Wong KK, Borras AM, Gutmann EJ, Dragnev KH, Debiasi R, Chen TH, Glatt KA, Greulich H, Desany B, Lubeski CK, Brockman W, Alvarez P, Hutchison SK, Leamon JH, Ronan MT, Turenchalk GS, Egholm M, Sellers WR, Rothberg JM, Meyerson M. &amp;nbsp;Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing. Nat Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):852-855.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon JH, Link DR, Egholm M, Rothberg JM. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat Methods. 2006 Jul;3(7):541-3.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Thomas RK, Greulich H, Yuza Y, Lee JC, Tengs T, Feng W, Chen TH, Nickerson E, Simons J, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Sellers WR, and Meyerson ML. Detection of oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene in lung adenocarcinoma with differential sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005; 70: 73-81.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA., Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, de Winter A, Drake J, Du L, Fierro JM, Forte R, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Hutchison SK, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer MLI, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lee WL, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Reifler M Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Willoughby DA, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Nature 2005; 441.7089.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, and Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed in vitro prediction of drug action. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5, 2005, 126-134.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Gould Rothberg BE, Pena CEA, Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A systems biology approach to target identification and validation for human chronic disease drug discovery. Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health. Modern Biopharmaceuticals 2005; 1 99-125.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Chaudhuri A. Rothberg JM, and Chant J. Gaining confidence in high-throughput protein interaction networks. Nature Biotechnology 2003; 10.1038.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon JH, Lee WL, Tartaro KR Lanza JR, Sarkis GJ, deWinter AD, Berka J, Weiner M, Rothberg JM, Lohman KL. A massively parallel PicoTitlerPlate based platform for discrete picoliter-scale polymerase chain reactions. Electrophoresis 24(21). November 2003:3769-77, Erratum in Eletrophoresis.25 1176 April 204: 7-8.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hoa YL, Oi CE, Godwin G, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh, M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Springs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furkat K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley Jr RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, and Rothberg JM. Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster. [Cover paper] Science November 2, 2003; 10.1126.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Deem MW, Hammond RW, Henck SA, Simpson JW, Rothberg JM. A Brownian-ratchet DNA pump with applications to single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &amp;amp; Processing. 2000; Vol. 75, 275-278.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Tchernev VT, Mansfield TA, Giot L, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K; Li Y, Mishra VS, Detter JC, Rothberg JM, Wallace MR, Southwick FS, Kingsmore SF. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Chediak-Higashi protein interacts with SNARE complex and signal transduction proteins. &amp;nbsp;Molecular Medicine 2002; Vol. 8, 56-64.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, N Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang, M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets &amp;nbsp;J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM, and Lichenstein HS. PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor. Nature Cell Biology May 1, 2001; Vol. 3. 517-521.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Herrmann J, Rastelli L, Brugess CE, Fernandes EE, Rothberg BEG, Rothberg JM, and Shimkets RA. Implications of Oncogenomics for Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. The Cancer Journal. January/February 2001; Volume 7 Number 1.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg BEG, Sundseth SS, DiPippo VA, Brown PJ, Winegar DA, Gottshalk WK, Shenoy SG, and Rothberg JM. The characterization of PPAR&amp;alpha; ligand drug action in an in vivo model by comprehensive differential gene expression profiling. [Cover paper] Functional and Integrative Genomics. October 2000.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR, Lockshon D, Narayan V, Sriivasan M, Pochart P, Qureshi-Emili A, Li Y, Godwin B, Conver D, Kalbfleisch T, Vijayadamodar G, Yang M, Johnston M, Fields S, and Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. &amp;nbsp;[Cover paper] Nature Feb 10, 2000; &amp;nbsp;Vol. 403, 623-627.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT, Berka J, Latimer DR, Ball JA, Rothberg JM, Went GT. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A transmission imaging spectrograph and microfabricated channel system for DNA analysis. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 135-149.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Hammond RW, Bader JS, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Rothberg, JM. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Differential transport of DNA by a rectified Brownian motion device. &amp;nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 74-80.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader J, Hammond R W, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Simpson JW, Mulhern GT, and Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device. PNAS USA November 9, 1999; Vol. 96 No. 23. 13165-9.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Shimkets R A, Lowe DG, Tsu-Ning Tai J, Sehl P, Jin H, Yang R, Predki P, Rothberg BEG, Murtha MT, Roth ME, Shenoy SG, McKenna MP, Hillan K, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query [GeneCalling]. Nature Biotechnology August 1999; Vol. 17, 798-803.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Modularity of the Slit Protein. J. Mol. Biol. &amp;nbsp;1992; 227, 367-370.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM. Gene Patents. Nature 1992; 356, 738.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM Ph.D. slit: an Extracellular Protein Necessary for the Development of Midline Glia and Axon Pathways of the Central Nervous System contains both EGF and Flank-LRR-Flank Domains. Thesis, Yale University, 1991.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Jacobs J R, Goodman CS and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An Extracellular Protein Necessary for Development of Midline Glia and Commissural Axon Pathways Contains both EGF and LRR Domains. Genes &amp;amp; Development 1990; 4, 2169-2187.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Hartley DA, Walther Z, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An EGF-Homologous Locus of D. melanogaster Involved in the Development of the ➞Embryonic Central Nervous System. &amp;nbsp;[Cover paper] Cell 1988; 55, 1047-1059.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Issued U.S. Patents&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg J, Wolfgang H, Johnson K, Bustillo J, Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays. &amp;nbsp;USP# 7,948.015&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Berka J, Chen YJ, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz S, Lohman KL, Makhijani VB, Rothberg JM, Sarkis GJ, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Bead Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification. &amp;nbsp;USP# 7,842,457&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg, JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka, Colangelo CM, Weiner, MP. Apparatus and Method for Sequencing a Nucleic Acid. USP# 7,335,762&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon; JH., Lohman; KL., Rothberg; JM. &amp;amp; Weiner MP. Methods of amplifying and sequencing nucleic acids; United States Patent 7,323,305 &amp;amp; European Patent EP1590477&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Chen Y, Leamon JH, Lohman KL, Ronan MT, Rothberg JM, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Double Ended Sequencing. USP# 7,244,567&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,244,559&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,211,390.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Detection and confirmation of nucleic acid sequences by use of poisoning oligonucleotides. USP# 6,673,577.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went, GT, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT. &amp;nbsp;Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP# 6,485,625.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,453,245&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,432,361&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,418,382&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein&amp;mdash;protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,410,239.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,395,478.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Nallur GN, Hu X. Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression. &amp;nbsp;USP# 6,355,423.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Deem MW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Consensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determination. USP# 6,341,256.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP # 6,274,320.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,236,945.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and apparatus for identifying, classifying, or quantSimpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,218,121.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT, Went GT, Simpson JW, Henck S. Separation of charged particles by a spatially and temporally varying electric field. USP # 6,193,866.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method for identifying a nucleic acid sequence. USP # 6,190,868.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,141,657.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations. USP # 6,083,693.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP # 6,057,101.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,017,434.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Went GT and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP # 5,993,634.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP #5,972,693.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader J, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT and Went GT. Nano Niagara Separation of Charged Particles by a Spatially and Temporally varying Electric Field. USP #5,938,904.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Went GT, and Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP #5,871,697.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;References&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; 2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology bio at Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, ctcase.org&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; CellDex Therapeutics Press Release&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Project Jim: Watson&amp;rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public at Bio-IT World.com&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered at NYT.com, derived on May 31, 2007.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA at Nature.com&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Genetics Entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg Wins CT Medal of Technology, May 18, PRNewswire&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; &amp;quot;A Smaller CuraGen Corp. To Stay Open In Branford&amp;quot;.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Ion Torrent Official Webpage.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S http://Aginglab.net/index.php?title=Jonathan_Rothberg&diff=4670 Jonathan Rothberg 2013-08-25T01:08:25Z <p>S: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div&gt;Jonathan M. Rothberg (born 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Early life&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Jonathan was born in New Haven, Connecticut the son of Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg a chemical engineer. &amp;nbsp;Prior to Jonathan's birth, Lillian and Dr. Henry Rothberg founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned, global manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. &amp;nbsp;Jonathan's family established the foundation for his scientific career; early on, he was heavily influenced by his father's engineering background and problem solving abilities, as well as his mother's belief that he would &amp;quot;do good science.&amp;quot;[1]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Education and scientific career&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;INSTITUTION AND LOCATION&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;DEGREE&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;YEAR&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;FIELD OF STUDY&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Ph.D.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;M.Phil.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1988&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Yale University, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;M.S.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1987&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Biology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;B.S.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1985&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Chemical Engineering &amp;ndash; &amp;nbsp;option in Biomedical Engineering&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg earned a B.S. in Chemical Engineering with an option in Biomedical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA in 1985. &amp;nbsp;After completing college at Carnegie Mellon, Jonathan went on to attend Yale University and earn a M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in biology. &amp;nbsp;His thesis at Yale focused on decoding a gene called slit responsible for wiring the nervous system. &amp;nbsp;Jonathan's thesis work resulted in publication of a cover article in the journal Cell in 1988. &amp;crarr;While a graduate student at Yale Jonathan founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies (CellDex Therapeutics acquired CuraGen in fall of 2009).[2] &amp;nbsp;At CuraGen, Jonathan and his team focused on how the proteins encoded in a genome function together, and published the first global proteomic maps of a eukaryotic cell and a metazoan organism (featured on the covers of Nature and Science) and developed drugs for the treatment of metastatic skin and breast cancer.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg brought to market the first next-generation sequencer and has been a pioneering entrepreneur in the field of massively parallel DNA sequencing[citation needed]. He founded 454 Life Sciences Corporation, later acquired by Roche Diagnostics, and Ion Torrent, companies that have commercialized technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly reduced the cost of sequencing a genome. His team at 454 Life Sciences and the Baylor College of Medicine Genome Center was the first to complete and make public the sequence of an individual human genome (James D. Watson[3][4]). Published in Nature magazine, that genome was made publicly on GenBank and browsable via the efforts of Lincoln Stein's group [5] contributing significantly to the new field of personal genomics. &amp;nbsp;Rothberg also initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project in collaboration with Svante P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo's group.[6]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Under his tenure, 454 Life Sciences worked with collaborators to crack the mystery behind the disappearance of the honey bee, uncover a new virus killing transplant patients, and elucidate the extent of individual human variation&amp;mdash;work recognized by Science magazine as the breakthrough of the year for 2007. The collective work of Dr. Rothberg's team, their collaborators and ultimately their customers, included projects as diverse as uncovering the complexity of life in the World's oceans and sequencing the extinct wooly mammoth.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;The New England Journal described Dr. Rothberg&amp;rsquo;s sequencing innovation as &amp;quot;The New Age of Molecular Diagnostics for Microbial Agents.&amp;quot; Science magazine called it one of the top 10 breakthroughs for 2008. Dr. Rothberg has appeared on CNBC, CNN, and Bloomberg TV for his pioneering work in the field of genomic medicine, has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine, and his scientific work has been featured on the covers of leading scientific journals including Cell, Science, and Nature. His contribution to sequencing, include both the first non-bacterial cloning systems (cloning by limited dilution), as well as the first massively parallel DNA sequencing method (sequencing by synthesis on a single substrate in parallel), concepts that have formed the basis for all subsequence next generation sequencing technologies.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering, and is a life of trustees of Carnegie Mellon University.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Positions and honors&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Positions&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2007&amp;ndash;2013 Founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board, Ion Torrent, Inc., Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Board of Trustees, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Co-Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman, RainDance Technologies, Inc., Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2001&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Founder, Chairman of the Board, Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Guilford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2000-2007 &amp;nbsp;Founder, Founding CEO, Chairman of the Board, 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1999-2007 &amp;nbsp;Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, Clarifi, Boca Raton&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1998&amp;ndash;Present &amp;nbsp;Board Member, Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1993-2005 &amp;nbsp;Founder, CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board, CuraGen Corporation, Branford, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991-1993 &amp;nbsp;Post-Doctoral Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Honors and awards&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 CBA Brilliant Achievement Award&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 DGKL Biochemical Analysis Prize for development of massively parallel DNA &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; sequencing&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2011 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Mount Sinai School of Medicine&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2010 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer (First person to be awarded three times)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2010 &amp;nbsp;Connecticut Medal of Technology[7]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2008 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2007 The World Economic Forum&amp;rsquo;s Technology Pioneer&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2006 R &amp;amp; D 100 Awards for 454 Life Sciences&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005 Wall Street Journal 2005 Technology Innovation Awards, Gold Medal Winner&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2005 &amp;nbsp;Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004 &amp;nbsp;National Academy of Engineering&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2000 &amp;nbsp;The Irvington Institute&amp;rsquo;s Corporate Leadership Award in Science&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1998 &amp;nbsp;Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1991 &amp;nbsp;John Spangler Nicholas Prize for the outstanding Doctoral candidate in Experimental Zoology&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;1985-1989 &amp;nbsp;National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Professional memberships&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;2004-2008 &amp;nbsp;Member, Young Presidents&amp;rsquo; Organization&amp;crarr;National Academy of Engineering&amp;crarr;Connecticut Academy of Medical Science and Engineering&amp;crarr;Carnegie Mellon University Board of Trustees&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Companies&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;CuraGen&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In 1991, Rothberg founded New Haven-based CuraGen, one of the first companies to develop drugs based on genomics. While at CuraGen, he developed a series of new medicines, in over 14 human clinical trials, for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. CuraGen however never released any drug to market.[8]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;454 Life Sciences&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;In 1999, Rothberg founded 454 Life Sciences, based in Branford (CT), which pioneered an entirely new way to sequence genomes.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Ion Torrent&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg founded Ion Torrent in 2007, who developed ion semiconductor sequencing which is utilized by their PGM DNA sequencer.[9]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg is a founder of the Rothberg Center for Childhood diseases.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;RainDance Technologies&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Founded first company to use droplet based microfluidics&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Selected Publications&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg, J.M. et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, July 2011. 348-352.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Alexander Mellmann., Dag Harmsen., Craig A. Cummings., Emily B. Zentz, Shana R. Leopold, Alain Rico, Karola Prior, Rafael Szczepanowski, Yongmei Ji, Wenlan Zhang, Stephen F. McLaughlin, John K. Henkhaus, Benjamin Leopold, Martina Bielaszewska, Rita Prager, Pius M. Brzoska, Richard L. Moore, Simone Guenther, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Helge Karch. Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLOS one, Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2011.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;E. Brouzes, M. Medkova, N Savenelli, D. Marran, M. Twardowski, J. B. Hutchinon, J. J. M. Rothberg, D.R. Link, N. Perrimon, M. L. Samuels. &amp;nbsp;Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high thoughput screening. PNAS, July &amp;nbsp;2009, Vol. 106, no. 106&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Birgitte B. Simen, Jan Fredrik Simons, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek,,Richard M. Novak, Rodger D. MacArthur, John D. Baxter, Chunli Huang,,Christine Lubeski, Gregory S. Turenchalk, Michael S. Braverman, Brian Desany, Jonathan M. Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Michael J. Kozal. Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant Viral Variants in Chronically HIV-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Na&amp;iuml;ve Patients Significantly Impact Treatment Outcomes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199:693-701.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Richard E Green, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Johannes Krause, Adrian W Briggs, Philip L F Johnson, Caroline Uhler, Matthias Meyer, Jeffrey M Good, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Kay Pr&amp;uuml;fer, Michael Siebauer, Hern&amp;aacute;n A Burbano, Michael Ronan, Jonathan M Rothberg, Michael Egholm, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajković, Zeljko Kućan, Ivan Gusić, M&amp;aring;rten Wikstr&amp;ouml;m, Liisa Laakkonen, Janet Kelso, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo. A complete neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. &amp;nbsp;[Cover Paper] Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134 (3):416-26&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;David A Wheeler, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Michael Egholm, Yufeng Shen, Lei Chen, Amy McGuire, Wen He, Yi-Ju Chen, Vinod Makhijani, G Thomas Roth, Xavier Gomes, Karrie Tartaro, Faheem Niazi, Cynthia L Turcotte, Gerard P Irzyk, James R Lupski, Craig Chinault, Xing-Zhi Song, Yue Liu, Ye Yuan, Lynne Nazareth, Xiang Qin, Donna M Muzny, Marcel Margulies, George M Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs, Jonathan M Rothberg. &amp;nbsp;The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008 Apr 17;452 (7189):872-6&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg. High-Throughput, Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing Technology for the Era of Personalized Medicine? Gene Therapy and Regulation, 2007, vol. 2, no. 1, 15-31.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;John H. Leamon and Jonathan M. Rothberg. Cramming More Sequencing Reactions onto Microreactor Chips. Chemical Reviews, 2007 Aug; 107(8):3367-76.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Green, R.E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Paunovic, M., and P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo, S.: Analysis of one million base pairs of Neandertal DNA. [Cover Paper] Nature 444, 330-336.16 November 2006&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7: 216. Published online 2006 August 23.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Stiller, M., Green, R.E., Ronan, M., Simons, J.F., Du, L., He, W., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J., Keates, S.G., Ovodov, N.D., Antipina, E.E., Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmin, Y.V., Vasilevski, A.A., Wuenschell, G.E., Termini, J., Hofreiter, M., Jaenicke-Despr&amp;eacute;s, V., and P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;bo, S.: Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA. PNAS, September 12, 2006, vol. 103, no. 37, 13578-13584.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Thomas RK, Nickerson E, Simons JF, Janne PA, Tengs T, Yuza Y, Garraway LA, Laframboise T, Lee JC, Shah K, O'neill K, Sasaki H, Lindeman N, Wong KK, Borras AM, Gutmann EJ, Dragnev KH, Debiasi R, Chen TH, Glatt KA, Greulich H, Desany B, Lubeski CK, Brockman W, Alvarez P, Hutchison SK, Leamon JH, Ronan MT, Turenchalk GS, Egholm M, Sellers WR, Rothberg JM, Meyerson M. &amp;nbsp;Sensitive mutation detection in heterogeneous cancer specimens by massively parallel picoliter reactor sequencing. Nat Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):852-855.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon JH, Link DR, Egholm M, Rothberg JM. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat Methods. 2006 Jul;3(7):541-3.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Thomas RK, Greulich H, Yuza Y, Lee JC, Tengs T, Feng W, Chen TH, Nickerson E, Simons J, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Sellers WR, and Meyerson ML. Detection of oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene in lung adenocarcinoma with differential sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005; 70: 73-81.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA., Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, de Winter A, Drake J, Du L, Fierro JM, Forte R, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Hutchison SK, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer MLI, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lee WL, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Reifler M Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Willoughby DA, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Nature 2005; 441.7089.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, and Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed in vitro prediction of drug action. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5, 2005, 126-134.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Gould Rothberg BE, Pena CEA, Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A systems biology approach to target identification and validation for human chronic disease drug discovery. Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health. Modern Biopharmaceuticals 2005; 1 99-125.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Chaudhuri A. Rothberg JM, and Chant J. Gaining confidence in high-throughput protein interaction networks. Nature Biotechnology 2003; 10.1038.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon JH, Lee WL, Tartaro KR Lanza JR, Sarkis GJ, deWinter AD, Berka J, Weiner M, Rothberg JM, Lohman KL. A massively parallel PicoTitlerPlate based platform for discrete picoliter-scale polymerase chain reactions. Electrophoresis 24(21). November 2003:3769-77, Erratum in Eletrophoresis.25 1176 April 204: 7-8.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hoa YL, Oi CE, Godwin G, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh, M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Springs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furkat K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley Jr RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, and Rothberg JM. Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster. [Cover paper] Science November 2, 2003; 10.1126.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Deem MW, Hammond RW, Henck SA, Simpson JW, Rothberg JM. A Brownian-ratchet DNA pump with applications to single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &amp;amp; Processing. 2000; Vol. 75, 275-278.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Tchernev VT, Mansfield TA, Giot L, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K; Li Y, Mishra VS, Detter JC, Rothberg JM, Wallace MR, Southwick FS, Kingsmore SF. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Chediak-Higashi protein interacts with SNARE complex and signal transduction proteins. &amp;nbsp;Molecular Medicine 2002; Vol. 8, 56-64.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, N Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang, M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets &amp;nbsp;J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM, and Lichenstein HS. PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor. Nature Cell Biology May 1, 2001; Vol. 3. 517-521.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Herrmann J, Rastelli L, Brugess CE, Fernandes EE, Rothberg BEG, Rothberg JM, and Shimkets RA. Implications of Oncogenomics for Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. The Cancer Journal. January/February 2001; Volume 7 Number 1.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg BEG, Sundseth SS, DiPippo VA, Brown PJ, Winegar DA, Gottshalk WK, Shenoy SG, and Rothberg JM. The characterization of PPAR&amp;alpha; ligand drug action in an in vivo model by comprehensive differential gene expression profiling. [Cover paper] Functional and Integrative Genomics. October 2000.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR, Lockshon D, Narayan V, Sriivasan M, Pochart P, Qureshi-Emili A, Li Y, Godwin B, Conver D, Kalbfleisch T, Vijayadamodar G, Yang M, Johnston M, Fields S, and Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. &amp;nbsp;[Cover paper] Nature Feb 10, 2000; &amp;nbsp;Vol. 403, 623-627.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT, Berka J, Latimer DR, Ball JA, Rothberg JM, Went GT. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A transmission imaging spectrograph and microfabricated channel system for DNA analysis. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 135-149.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Hammond RW, Bader JS, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Rothberg, JM. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Differential transport of DNA by a rectified Brownian motion device. &amp;nbsp;Electrophoresis 2000; Vol. 21, 74-80.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader J, Hammond R W, Henck SA, Deem MW, McDermott GA, Bustillo JM, Simpson JW, Mulhern GT, and Rothberg JM. &amp;nbsp;DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device. PNAS USA November 9, 1999; Vol. 96 No. 23. 13165-9.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Shimkets R A, Lowe DG, Tsu-Ning Tai J, Sehl P, Jin H, Yang R, Predki P, Rothberg BEG, Murtha MT, Roth ME, Shenoy SG, McKenna MP, Hillan K, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query [GeneCalling]. Nature Biotechnology August 1999; Vol. 17, 798-803.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Modularity of the Slit Protein. J. Mol. Biol. &amp;nbsp;1992; 227, 367-370.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM. Gene Patents. Nature 1992; 356, 738.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM Ph.D. slit: an Extracellular Protein Necessary for the Development of Midline Glia and Axon Pathways of the Central Nervous System contains both EGF and Flank-LRR-Flank Domains. Thesis, Yale University, 1991.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Jacobs J R, Goodman CS and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An Extracellular Protein Necessary for Development of Midline Glia and Commissural Axon Pathways Contains both EGF and LRR Domains. Genes &amp;amp; Development 1990; 4, 2169-2187.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Hartley DA, Walther Z, and Artavanis-Tsakonas S. slit: An EGF-Homologous Locus of D. melanogaster Involved in the Development of the ➞Embryonic Central Nervous System. &amp;nbsp;[Cover paper] Cell 1988; 55, 1047-1059.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Issued U.S. Patents&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg J, Wolfgang H, Johnson K, Bustillo J, Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays. &amp;nbsp;USP# 7,948.015&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Berka J, Chen YJ, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz S, Lohman KL, Makhijani VB, Rothberg JM, Sarkis GJ, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Bead Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification. &amp;nbsp;USP# 7,842,457&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg, JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka, Colangelo CM, Weiner, MP. Apparatus and Method for Sequencing a Nucleic Acid. USP# 7,335,762&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Leamon; JH., Lohman; KL., Rothberg; JM. &amp;amp; Weiner MP. Methods of amplifying and sequencing nucleic acids; United States Patent 7,323,305 &amp;amp; European Patent EP1590477&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Chen Y, Leamon JH, Lohman KL, Ronan MT, Rothberg JM, Srinivasan M, Weiner MP. Double Ended Sequencing. USP# 7,244,567&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,244,559&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS, Dewell SB, McDade K, Simpson JW, Berka J, Colangelo CM. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP# 7,211,390.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Detection and confirmation of nucleic acid sequences by use of poisoning oligonucleotides. USP# 6,673,577.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went, GT, Ruiz-Martinez MC, Mulhern GT. &amp;nbsp;Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP# 6,485,625.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,453,245&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,432,361&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,418,382&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein&amp;mdash;protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,410,239.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP# 6,395,478.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Nallur GN, Hu X. Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression. &amp;nbsp;USP# 6,355,423.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Deem MW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Consensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determination. USP# 6,341,256.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Bader JS. Method of sequencing a nucleic acid. USP # 6,274,320.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,236,945.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and apparatus for identifying, classifying, or quantSimpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,218,121.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader JS, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT, Went GT, Simpson JW, Henck S. Separation of charged particles by a spatially and temporally varying electric field. USP # 6,193,866.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method for identifying a nucleic acid sequence. USP # 6,190,868.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP # 6,141,657.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations. USP # 6,083,693.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Nandabalan K, Rothberg JM, Yang M, Knight JR, Kalbfleisch TS. Identification and comparison of protein-protein interactions that occur in populations and identification of inhibitors of these interactors. USP # 6,057,101.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Rothberg JM, Went GT. Apparatus and method for the generation, separation, detection, and recognition of biopolymer fragments. USP # 6,017,434.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Went GT and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP # 5,993,634.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Simpson JW, Went GT, and Rothberg JM. Apparatus and Method for the Generation, Separation, Detection and Recognition of Biopolymer Fragments. USP #5,972,693.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Bader J, Rothberg JM, Deem MW, Mulhern GT and Went GT. Nano Niagara Separation of Charged Particles by a Spatially and Temporally varying Electric Field. USP #5,938,904.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;Rothberg JM, Went GT, and Simpson JW. Method and Apparatus for Identifying, Classifying, or Quantifying DNA Sequences in a Sample without Sequencing. USP #5,871,697.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;References&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; 2010 Connecticut Medal of Technology bio at Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, ctcase.org&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; CellDex Therapeutics Press Release&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Project Jim: Watson&amp;rsquo;s Personal Genome Goes Public at Bio-IT World.com&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered at NYT.com, derived on May 31, 2007.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA at Nature.com&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Genetics Entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg Wins CT Medal of Technology, May 18, PRNewswire&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; &amp;quot;A Smaller CuraGen Corp. To Stay Open In Branford&amp;quot;.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;uarr; Ion Torrent Official Webpage.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</div> S